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2. Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation

3. Homeostasis - metabolism
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
Photoheterotroph
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes!
Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

4. Homeostasis - metabolism
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
Photoheterotroph
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
In eukaryotic homeostasis, we usually abbreviate the mode names because there is so little diversity…
Photosynthetic = autotrophic Non-photosynthetic = heterotrophic 4

5. Eukaryotes What is special about them? How big are their cells?
What type of metabolism do they have?
Which electron acceptor do they use?
What is special about oxygen as an electron acceptor?
What do they do poorly?

6. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaea
Bacteria 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

7. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

8. How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism?
Pseudopodia
Endosymbiotic
bacteria
Pelomyxa palustris
Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
Uroid
Accumulate glycogen reserves
At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!
Glycogen body
How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism?
Vacuoles
Fermentation Only!

9. How would you describe the metabolism?
Photoautotrophic and Chemoheterotrophic!
Euglena gracilis
Posterior extension
Mitochondrion
Pyrenoid
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Paramylon grain
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
(not shown)

10. How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism?
Trypanosoma gambiense
Nucleus
Blood-borne parasite member of euglenophyta
Flagellum
Flagellated undulating cell
Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts
Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness
How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism?
Chemoheterotrophic!

11. Amoeba proteus A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Amoeba proteus
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis,
but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell.
Nucleus
How would you describe the amoeba’s nutritional mode?
Chemoheterotrophic!
Mitochondria
Pseudopodia
How would you describe Staurastrum’s nutritional mode?
Photoautotrophic and Heteterotrophic!

12. How would you describe Stentor’s nutritional mode?
Stentor polymorphus
Funnel-shaped protist
Cytostome rim is ciliated
Food swept into alveolus
Cilia
Contractile vacuole
How would you describe Stentor’s nutritional mode?
Chemohetero-trophic!
Nucleus
Holdfast
Micronucleus (2N)
Macronucleus (N)
replication
transcription

13. Paramecium caudatum A ciliated protist
Cell Membrane
A ciliated protist
Trichocysts
Oral groove not shown (on back side)
Mitochondrion
in cytosol
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Paramecium bursaria
Contractile
Vacuoles
endosymbiont
Food
Vacuoles
Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic (at least functionally so)

14. Trichocysts http://sciences.aum.edu/bi/bi2033/thomson/trichocysts.html

15. Ectocarpus siliculosus
Marine haploid filamentous thallus with true branching.
Produces motile gamete by mitosis in gametangium.
gametangium
stramenopila-flagellum
chloroplasts
Kingdom Chromista (aka Stramenopila)
Obviously both photoautotrophic
and chemoheterotrophic!

16. Chemoheterotrophic only!
A water mold, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the potato blight that led to crop failure, starvation, and emigration of the Irish population in the 1840s.
Kingdom Chromista
Chemoheterotrophic only!

17. Porphyridium Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus
Both chemoheterotrophic
And photoautotrophic!
Nucleus
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole

18. Only Photoautotrophic?
Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast
(Cell wall was digested off by cellulase)
cell membrane
import/export
chloroplast
photosynthesis
nucleus
transcription
replication
vacuole
toxic waste processing
cytosol
fermentation
glycolysis
Only Photoautotrophic?

19. Calvin cycle (aka “dark” reactions)
TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell?
Aerobic Respiration
Krebs cycle (aka TCA cycle, citric acid cycle)
Photosynthesis
light reactions
glycolysis (fermentation)
electron transport system
oxidative phosphorylation
Calvin cycle (aka “dark” reactions)

20. Plant mitochondrion matrix TEM or SEM? outer membrane inner membrane
Krebs cycle (aka TCA cycle, citric acid cycle)
TEM or SEM?
outer membrane
inner membrane
cristae
(mesosomes)
electron transport system
oxidative phosphorylation

21. Chemoheterotrophic only!
Animal Cell: Pancreatic cell
endoplasmic reticulum
internal transport
80S ribosome
translation
nucleus
transcription, replication
RNA
Chemoheterotrophic only!
DNA
cytosol
glycolysis, fermentation
zymogen granule
protein storage
enzyme secretion
mitochondrion
Krebs, ETS, ox. phos.

22. Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi? Mitosis nearly complete
Cytokinesis via furrowing (budding!)
Facultative:
Aerobic Respiration with mitochondria
Anaerobic Alcoholic Fermentation in cytosol ?
Cell wall: chitin not cellulose
Chemoheterotrophic only!
Has more mitochondria in 3rd dimension…this is a TEM
Thin slices miss components…this cell appears to lack mitochondria ! Think 3D…

24. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
So what is this eukaryotic color code all about?
Original Cell