1. Bacteria - Eubacteria
Domain Prokarya

2. Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Plantae
Monera
Bacteria-Eubacteria
Splitters 2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals

3. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria 8 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

4. Bacteria - Eubacteria Ancient fossils 3.5 billion years b.p.
Archetype for prokaryotic organisms
Phototrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saprobes
Parasites (bacteria benefit, host harmed)
Commensals (bacteria benefit, host unharmed)
Mutualists (bacteria and host both benefit)
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
Bacillus, coccus, spirillum

5. Cell Sizes Mycoplasma 0.3-0.8 µm E. coli 1x2 µm
Cyanobacteria 10 µm diam
Plant Cell 30x75 µm
Obviously eukaryotic
Nucleus present
Mitochondrion  Bacterium
Chloroplast  Cyanobacterium

6. Cell Shapes Coccus - cocci Bacillus - bacillus Spirillum - spirilli
Vibrio - vibrios

8. Leptospira

9. Vibrio cholerae Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacter pylori

10. Cell Associations ? Coccus Diplococcus Streptococcus - filamentous
Staphylococcus - colonial ?
Streptobacillus

12. Cell Structure: Boundary
Mycoplasma
cell membrane bilayer
lipopolysaccharide
transport proteins
cytosol
regulates input/output
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
cell wall-murein
peptidoglycan
muramic acid - peptide
prevents bursting
turgor pressure
penicillin sensitive
additional
membrane bilayer
lipopolysaccharide
releases dye

13. Cell Structure: Boundary Defenses
Capsule or Sheath
mucoid polysaccharides
cell adhesion
chemical resistance - defense
desiccation resistance
Endospore
spore coat + DNA + other materials
exterior may be lost
frozen for long periods
boiled for long periods
desiccated for long periods
then germinates to new cell
Bacillus anthracis

14. ? ?

15. Cell Structure: Movement
hook
directional rotation?
basal rings and rod
anchorage
rotation
stiff helical flagellum
flagellin protein
is rotated by “motor apparatus”
in the membrane by H+ ATPase
at rates of rps
(>12,000 rpm!)
Taxis:
movement toward stimulus
Exceptions:
myxomycetes, some cyanobacteria use slime, but how?
spirochetes have flexible internal microtubules
(endosymbiotic source of flagella in eukaryotes?)
((gut parasite in termites have spirochete symbiosis))
phototaxis:
movement toward light
chemotaxis:
movement to chemicals

16. Lophotrichous: flagella found at one end of the cell

17. Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends (but not many on sides)
Peritrichous: flagella all around cell

18. Prokaryotic Growth Cells are generally very small
Cells may double in size but only before binary fission
Growth mostly in terms of cell number or colony size, etc.
Doubling time in cell numbers may be 20 minutes in ideal conditions
Could quickly take over the earth if conditions could remain ideal
Very competitive in ideal environments
Ultimate survivors billion years!

19. Cell Structure: Nucleoid
Nucleoid - genome
one circular DNA molecule
no histone protein association
attached to cell membrane
transcription by RNA polymerase
replication by DNA polymerase
separation of chromosomes
cytokinesis by furrowing
70S Ribosome
Process called binary fission
NOT mitosis!
Genome and copy are identical
Genome is haploid
There is no synapsis
There is no recombination
rRNA + protein + ribozymes
translation of mRNA into protein

20. nucleoids initial furrowing furrowing complete