1. Where is Andros??

4. Mercator Projection

5. World Ocean

6. What is the inner core made of?
Iron
Why?
Because it is very dense and pulled to center by gravity

7. What is the upper mantle ?
Solid or Liquid?

8. Which is the highest density?
Ocean crust Or
Continental Crust

9. Process is called Plate Tectonics
Proposed by
Alfred Wagner
Less dense (lighter) continental plates float on heavier oceanic plates

10. What is the energy source that moves the plates???
Convection Currents- heated material expands (becomes less dense) and is forced up by heavier (more dense) material.
“Blanket Effect” – Super continent, Pangea, insulated hot interior, causing heat build up and convection currents.
Plates are drug along by this movement

14. Convection currents moving plates and forming new land at oceanic ridges

16. Cindy Ebinger –plate tectonics
Studies rift zones.. Has done most of her work in Ethiopia, East Africa

17. Rift photo by Ebinger in Ethiopia

18. Plates move apart 8-12 cm/year Fingernails grow 6 cm/year

19. Rift in Iceland

20. Youngest rock at the center – oldest rock farthest from the center (rift valleys)

21. Facts that support continental drift
1. Similar shaped continents

22. 2. Similar fossils across Atlantic

23. 3. Magnetic Reversals

24. Sediment deepest at edges of continents – thinnest at ridge (dust settling on ocean surface)

25. 5.Youngest rocks are at the center and rocks at the edges of the Atlantic are 150 million years old

26. Active Margin Plates running into each other
Volcanoes, mountain building, earthquakes

27. Subduction –one plate moves under the other
Volcano 100 km from trench

28. South America is moving west colliding with Nazca plate
Trench ↑ ↑ Mountains

29. Passive Margin
Growing plates

31. Volcanic Islands are found only at ACTIVE plate boundaries
Forms LITHOGENIC SEDIMENT- break up of rocks (Quartz)
Andros no Quartz –no volcano
Biogenic sediment
Made of skeletons and shells of marine organisms

32. Why study plate tectonics?
What do you find at active boundaries?
Minerals – Iron – Oil – Gold - Diamonds
Present active boundaries are easy to find, finding active boundaries pre-dating Pangea requires a lot of study

33. Active Plate Margin vs Passive Plate Margin
Active Margin- little or no shelf (shelf is crushed by movement)
therefore minimal amount of fishing (no shallow water for plants), EXEPT at upwellings
Passive plate margin- very wide shelf
Therefore (shallow water for plants) major fishing, because of shallow water

34. Shelf is only 8% of the ocean’s surface, but the most valuable.
Average width 40 miles
Average depth 197 feet
Slope is undetectable to eye (flat because turbidity (Mud) currents from rivers level out the slope
Biologically riches part of the ocean

35. Divisions of oceans Benthic – Pelagic – Topography of the ocean bottom
Water environment

36. Pelagic divisions Photic – Aphotic –
Lighted areas where photosynthesis takes place
Aphotic –
Light does NOT penetrate

37. Pelagic (water) environment divided by depth
Neritic – water near the shore
Oceanic—water beyond the shelf
Deep Ocean – ocean floor

38. Neritic (near shore) Large variety of conditions
Salinity changes caused by:
Evaporation
Dilution from freshwater rivers
Temperature changes- water depth
MOST BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVE PART OF THE SEA

39. Oceanic (beyond the shelf)
Conditions are more constant
Slow moving currents
Temperature constant (except in thermoclines)

40. Bathyal – edge of shelf Abyssal – deep ocean Hadal – trenches

41. Environment of Deep Ocean
High water pressure??
Organisms are primarily H2O, because water is not compressible like air
Food ??
No light – no plants ??
Most of food falls from the surface
Oxygen ??
No light – no plants ??
O2 is brought down by cold water density currents

42. Sea level has risen twice in the last 30,000 years.
Why has sea level changed????
Glaciers change sea level