1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany AP ed.
Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber
Craig W. Gruber
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David Lundberg-Kenrick
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ISBN:
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2. Introduction and History of Psychology
Chapter 1
Introduction and History of Psychology
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN:
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?
Many things that happen to us leave no record in memory
True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets distorted
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4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?
You are born with all the brain cells you will ever have
False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout life
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5. True or False? Both center patches are the same shade of gray
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6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
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8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
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9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?
Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a person’s life
False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may change throughout your life
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10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?
The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the population
True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point in their lives
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11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?
Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it less
False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people
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12. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes
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13. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology is not
Mere speculation about human nature
A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true
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14. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?
Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology
Pseudopsychology –
Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology
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15. What Do Psychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped in three major categories: experimental psychology, teaching of psychology and applied psychology
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16. What Do Psychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists
Conduct most research across psychological spectrum
May work in private industry or for the government
Often teach at college or university
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17. What Do Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
I/O
Sports
Engineering
School
Rehabilitation
Counseling
Clinical
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18. What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis
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19. Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought
Tradition
Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
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20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Tradition
Structuralism
Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function
Functionalism
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
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21. Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes”
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes”
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
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22. Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt psychology
Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
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23. Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind
Tradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis
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24. What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?
Seven main perspectives characterize modern psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive, clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views
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25. Nine Modern Perspectives of Psychology
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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26. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn responses to external cues
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Question for Study:
How do heredity, the nervous system, and the endocrine system produce behavior and mental processes?
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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27. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our lives
Biological
Developmental
What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between heredity and environment
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Questions for Study:
What are the patterns that characterize developmental change?
What are the genetic and environmental influences underlying these patterns?
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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28. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
Biological
View of Human Nature:
People are information-processing systems
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our experience
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Question for Study:
How do mental processes, including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and language, influence behavior?
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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29. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
Biological
View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of the unconscious
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Question for Study:
How does the energy generated in the unconscious mind motivate our actions and account for mental disorders?
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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30. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
Biological
View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and potential
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for personal growth
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Question for Study:
How can humanistic theory be applied to enhance mental health through counseling and therapy?
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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31. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
Biological
View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by learning
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
Stimulus cues and our history of rewards and punishments
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Questions for Study:
What are the “laws” that associate our responses with stimulus conditions?
How can they be applied to improve the human condition?
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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32. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in social context
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Questions for Study:
Under what conditions is the social and cultural situation predictive of behavior?
How are social influences different across cultures?
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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33. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and adapted over time
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Question for Study:
How do behavior and individual differences develop and change?
Trait
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34. Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Perspective
View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination of traits
Humanistic
Behavioral
Question for Study:
How many fundamental traits are there?
How can we use trait patterns to predict behavior?
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/ Sociobiological
Trait
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35. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
End of Chapter 1
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