1. The record and origin of life
The History of Life
The record
and
origin of life

2. History of the Earth Earth is believed to be about 5 billion years old
Little available atmospheric oxygen at this time
First life on earth is believed to have been 3.9ish billion years ago – in oceans

3. What’s the EVIDENCE for this?
Paleontologists: scientists, “detectives” of the past
FOSSILS!
Trace
Casts
Petrified
Imprints
Amber-preserved/frozen
Molds
Page 378

4. How are fossils formed? Page 381
Most dead organisms don’t fossilize because of bacterial and fungal activity
Organism falls into river
Rushing water covers the dead body with sediment; minerals move into the body
Time passes and more sediment compresses; minerals replace bone
Earth movements reveal fossil millions of years later

5. Where are fossils found?
Sedimentary rock – forms layers compressing older dead, decaying organisms.

6. Fossil Dating Relative Dating
Determined by layers of rock above fossil
Geological LAW
Depicts order of appearance and/or extinction of organisms
Age is only in relation of other fossils
Radiometric Dating
Helps determine SPECIFIC age
Amount of radioactive isotope decay (half-life)
Potassium-40 = half-life of 1.3 billion yrs
Carbon-14 = half-life 5730 years
Often inconsistent

7. Geologic Time Scale 4 basic Eras Periods are time frames within eras
Major life forms dictate periods

8. Stromatolites: mats formed by cyanobacteria.
Precambrian
3.5 billion yrs ago
87% of earth’s history
Major life: only prokaryotes at first then 1.8 billion yrs ago, eukaryotes appeared
Stromatolites: mats formed by cyanobacteria.

9. Paleozoic 245 million years ago Cambrian period brought biodiversity
Fish then amphibians then reptiles (oh my!)
Mass extinction knocked out 90% of marine and 70% of land biodiversity
Plate-skinned fish

10. Mesozoic

11. Mesozoic 245 million yrs ago
Jurassic period = “the age of the dinosaur”
Fossil evidence shows that modern birds evolved from dinosaurs
New kinds of mammals and flowering plants
Cretaceous Period ended with another mass extinction 66 million yrs ago (meteorite collision!)
Yanoconodon: fossil shows evidence of evolution from reptilian jaws and ears to mammalian

12. Mesozoic, cont. Continental Drift Pangaea = one large continent
135 million years ago two large land masses: Laurasia & Gondwana
66 million years ago – most of the continents had broken apart
**this affects organism distribution
**plate tectonics

13. Cenozoic 66 million yrs ago Mammals thrive
Primates appear (30 million yrs ago)
Humans – 200,000 years ago

14. Early thoughts on origin of life…
Spontaneous generation: idea that nonliving material can produce life.
Two experiments that helped disprove this notion:
Redi
Pasteur
Biogenesis: life comes from life!

15. Modern thoughts on origin of life…
Primordial soup
Protocell Formation
NOW: Hydrothermal vents

16. Evolution of Cells The first true cells
Prokaryotes that evolved from protocells
Anaerobic; heterotrophs
Similar to Archaebacteria
Photosynthesizing prokaryotes
Aerobic
The endosymbiont theory
Eukaryotes evolved from a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes.