1. Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI
Autumn 2008 NuPECC
Glasgow
3-4/10/2008
Gérard A. MOUROU
Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée – LOA
ENSTA – Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS
PALAISEAU, France
i am going to present you some recent works on the production of x-ray radiation using laser produced plasmas.
I am from the PXF group at LOA in france and our goal is to produced bright femtosecond x-ray sources and use these source to do applications in the so called ultrafastx-ray Science.
Recently, thanks to the advent of high intensity lasers it is possible to generate energetic, very collimated, and short pulses electrons beams.
I will show you one way to use these electron to produce femtosecond x-ray beams.

2. The different Epochs of Laser Physics
2010
ELI Nonlinear QED
and Epoch
1990
RelativisticEpoch
1960
Coulombic Epoch

3. “Optics Horizon” This field does not seem to have
natural limits, only horizon.

4. Why should we build an Extreme Light Infrastructure?

5. Science (1 july 2005) “100 questions spanning the science…”
1) Is ours the only universe?
2) What drove cosmic inflation?
3) When and how did the first stars and galaxies form?
4) Where do ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays come from?
5) What powers quasars?
6) What is the nature of black holes?
7) Why is there more matter than antimatter?
8) Does the proton decay?
9)What is the nature of gravity?
10) Why is time different from other dimensions?
11) Are there smaller building blocks than quarks?
12) Are neutrinos their own antiparticles?
13) Is there a unified theory explaining all correlated electron systems?
14) What is the most powerful laser researchers can build? Theorists say an intense enough laser field would rip photons into electron-positron pairs, dousing the beam. But no one knows whether it's possible to reach that point.
15) Can researchers make a perfect optical lens?
16) Is it possible to create magnetic semiconductors that work at room temperature?

6. Contents ELI’s Bricks The Peak Power-Pulse Duration conjecture
Relativistic Rectification(wake-field) the key to High energy electron beam
Generation of Coherent x and -ray, by Coherent Thomson, radiation reaction, X-Ray laser, …
Source of attosecond photon and electron pulses
ELI’s Science: Study of the structure of matter from atoms to vacuum

7. Peak Power -Pulse Duration Conjecture
To get high peak power you must decrease the pulse duration.
To get short pulses you must increase the intensity

8. Relativistic and Ultra R
Laser Pulse Duration vs. Intensity
Q-Switch, Dye
I=kW/cm2
Modelocking, Dye
I=MW/cm2
Mode-Locking KLM
I=GW/cm2
MPI
I>1013W/cm2
Relativistic and Ultra R
Atto, zepto….?

9. Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses
1D PIC simulations in boosted frame
Duration,
t (as)
2D: a=3, 200as
tas)=600/a0
I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules)
l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser)
optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradient due to wcr=w0a-1/2
n0= n/ncr
Amplitude, a

10. EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics
Ultra Relativistic
EQ=mpc2
Relativistic
NL Optics
Ultra-relativistic intensity is
defined with respect to the proton
EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

11. The ELI’s Scientific Goal: from the atom to the Vacuum Structure
The advent of ultra-intense laser light pulses (ELI) reaching within a decade towards a critical field strength will allow us to probe the Vacuum in a new way, and at a new "macroscopic" scale.

12. Relativistic Optics

13. Relativistic Optics b) Relativistic optics v~c
a)Classical optics v<<c,
a0>>1, a0<<a02
a0<<1, a0>>a02
x~ao
z~ao2

14. Relativistic Rectification (Wake-Field Tajima, Dawson)+ -
pushes the electrons.
The charge separation generates an electrostatic longitudinal field. (Tajima and Dawson: Wake Fields or Snow Plough)
The electrostatic field

15. Relativistic Rectification
-Ultrahigh Intensity Laser is associated with Extremely large E field.
Laser Intensity
Medium Impedance

16. Laser Acceleration: Relativistic Microelectronics
At 1023W/cm2 , E= 0.6PV/m, it is SLAC (50GeV, 3km long) on
10m The size of the Fermi accelerator will only be one meter
(PeV accelerator that will go around the globe, based on
conventional technology).
Relativistic Microelectronics

18. fs

19. J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. ,
The Dream Beam
e-beam
J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. ,
in Nature 30 septembre 2004

20. Tunable monoenergetic bunches
V. Malka and J. Faure
Zinj=225 μm
pump
injection
late injection
early injection
middle injection
Zinj=125 μm
Zinj=25 μm
Zinj=-75 μm
Zinj=-175 μm
Zinj=-275 μm
Zinj=-375 μm

21. Front and back acceleration mechanisms
Peak energy scales as : EM ~ (IL×)1/2

22. Ep ~ I1/2 Ep ~ I The Ultra relativistic:Relativistic Ions C C
Non relativistic ions
Photons
Ep ~ I1/2 C
Vp ~0
Relativistic ions >1024
Photons
Vp ~C
Ep ~ I C

23. High Energy Radiation Radiation
Betatron oscillation
Radiation reaction
X-ray laser

24. The structure of the ion cavity
Longitudinal acceleration Ex
Transverse oscillation: Betatron oscillation
As I said, the longitudinal acceleration of the electrons is due to the electrostatique force in the ions cavity.
But, there is also a transverse force in the ion cavity. This force comes from the charge separation btween an electron and the ion background in the ion cavity.
The electron makes oscillations, called Betatron oscillations.

25.  Radiation Reaction: Compton-Thomson Cooling c c c E E
N. Naumova, I, Sokolov
Charge separation.
E-field Creation c E c
b)e- move backwards, scattered on
the incoming field, cooling the e-  E

26. Attosecond Generation from Overdense plasma

27. ? Relativistic Self-focusing: (a) (b)
A.G.Litvak (1969), C.Max, J.Arons, A.B.Langdon (1974)
(a)
Refraction
(b) ?
Reflection

28. 2-D PIC simulation      

29. 2-D PIC simulation

30. Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses
1D PIC simulations in boosted frame
Duration,
t (as)
2D: a=3, 200as
tas)=600/a0
I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules)
l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser)
optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradient due to wcr=w0a-1/2
n0= n/ncr
Amplitude, a

31. EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics
Ultra Relativistic
EQ=mpc2
Relativistic
NL Optics
Ultra-relativistic intensity is
defined with respect to the proton
EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

32. Attosecond Generation (electron)

33. Attosecond Electron Bunches
a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr
Attosecond pulse train
25÷30 MeV
Attosecond bunch train
N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, (2004).

34. Coherent Thomson Scattering
a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr h
Attosecond pulse train h
25÷30 MeV
Attosecond bunch train
N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, (2004).

35. ELI: A Unique Infrastructure that offers simultaneously
Ultra high Intensity ~1026W/cm2
High Energy particles ~100GeV
High Fluxes of X and  rays
With femtosecond time structures
Highly synchronized
(We could possibly get beams equivalent to
1036 W/cm2)

36. Nuclear Physics

37. Nuclear Physics Exploring the Structure of the Nucleon; Ralph Kaiser
Gamma ray Spectroscopy Study of Exotic Nuclei; Mike Bentley
Relativistic Heavy ions; Peter Jones

38. Possibilité de fission nucléaire par impulsion laser Fission d’uranium 238 : réacteurs sous critiques? T. Cowan et al. LLNL 1999, Phys. News, USA (238U) In experiments conducted recently at Lawrence Livemore National Lab, an intense laser beam (from the Petawatt laser, the most powerful in the world) strikes a gold foil (backed with a layer of lead). This results in (1) the highest energy electrons (up to 100 MeV) ever to emerge from a laser-solid interaction, (2) the first laser-induced fission, and (3) the first creation of antimatter (positrons) using lasers. (Tom Cowan LLNL 1999)
238U = matière fertile 0,7% 238U dans U naturel Bilan énergétique? : Fission d’uranium 238 = 200MeV Section efficace? Rendement?

44. Transmutation des déchets : fission par impulsion laser
Transmutation de l’iode 129 (fission)
* K. Ledingham et al. J. Phys. D : Appl. Phys. 36, L79 (2003), UK
JRC Karlsruhe, Univ. Jena, Univ. Strathclyde, Imperial College, Rutherford Appleton Lab.
Laser : 1020W/cm2  champ élect. 1011V/cm  champ mag. 105T
Impulsion : plasma  électrons 1, m/s2 : e- <100MeV
 gamma par freinage dans Pb ou Ta <10MeV
 fission : 129I (15, ans)  128I (25mn)
laser
énergie J
durée fs
puissance TW
Intensité
W/cm2
# tirs
# fissions
Nd:verre
Vulcan 75
1 000
100
1019
2/h
103/s
Ti:Saphire
Jena loa
0,5 80 15
1020
10/s
104/s

45. Introduction
TRANSMUTATION

46. High-resolution g-Spectroscopy in hyperdeformed actinide nuclei
Motivation:
explore the multiple-humped potential energy landscape
of hyperdeformed heavy actinide nuclei with unprecedented resolution
Experimental approach:
photofission (g,f) using brilliant photon beams of ~3-10 MeV
individually resolve resonances in prompt fission cross section
laser-generated high-energy photon flux exceeds conventional
facilities by ~
Example:
238U(g,f):
hyperdeformed 3rd potential
minimum has not yet been
studied at all

47. Nuclear transitions and parity-violating meson-nucleon coupling
Motivation:
study mirror asymmetries in the nuclear resonance
fluorescence process (NRF):
parity non-conservation as indication of fundamental
role of exchange processes of weakly interacting
bosons in nucleon-nucleon interaction
Experimental approach:
use ultra-brilliant, (circular) polarized,
monochromatic g ray beams (typ.: keV)
switch polarization  measure NRF g asymmetry
Example: 19F (parity doublet: DE=109.9 keV)

48. Nonlinear QED

49. EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics
Ultra Relativistic
EQ=mpc2
Relativistic
NL Optics
Ultra-relativistic intensity is
defined with respect to the proton
EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

50. Laser-induced Nonlinear QED
G. Mourou, S. Bulanov, T. Tajima Review of Modern Physics (2006) e-
GeV electrons
1023W/cm2 e+
You can enhance the laser field by the
electron factor.
1023W/cm2

51. Laser-induced Nonlinear QED
G. Mourou, S. Bulanov, T. Tajima Review of Modern Physics (2006) e-
GeV electrons
1023W/cm2
-photon
Gas Jet e+
1023 cm2
1023W/cm2

52. Ultra-high Intensity
General Relativity
and Black Holes

53. Laboratory Black Hole Equivalent to be near a Black Hole of Dimension?
T. Tajima and G. Mourou Review of Modern Physics
Equivalent to be near
a Black Hole of
Dimension?
Temperature?

54. Is Optics in General Relativity?
Using the gravitational shift near a black hole:
As we increase a0 the Swartzschild radius can become equal
to the Compton wavelength. .

55. Optics and General Relativity: Hawking Radiation
In order to have Hawking radiation
You need the gravitational field
strong enough to break pairs lc Rs BH e+ e-

56. Finite Horizon and extra-dimensions
The distance to finite horizon is a d
3 + 1 D
“gravitational”
leakage nD
N. Arkani-Hamed et al. (1999)
Up to n=4 extra-dimensions could be
tested.
T. Tajima phone #

57. ELI: from the Atomic Structure to the Vacuum Structure

58. The Extreme Light Infrastructure exploded view

59. ELI Infrastructure

60. Become an ELI enthusiast
Thank you
Become an ELI enthusiast
You can

61. 4D imaging of electronic
Control & 4D imaging of valence & core electrons with sub-atomic resolution
attosecond
xuv / sxr
pulse
sub-fs
electron
bunch
0.1-1 GeV
5-10 MeV
Petawatt
Field
Synthesizer
12: alle „Knödel“ sollten gleich zu Beginn erscheinen, d.h. die ersten beiden Mausklicke sind überflüssig
4D imaging of electronic
motion in atoms,
molecules and solids
by means of attosecond
electron or X-ray
diffraction
sub-fs x-ray
pulse
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Germany

62. How : investigate new schemes
The ELI facilty could be used
to produce « real » X-ray lasers
Shorter wavelengths lasers
than never obtained : < nm range
How : investigate new schemes
- inner-shell of heavy ions
- transitions in nuclear transitions

63. HHG and Subfemtosecond Pulses from Surfaces of Overdense Plasmas
S.V. Bulanov, Naumova N M and Pegoraro F, Phys. Plasmas
1 745(1994)
D. Von der linde et al Phys. Rev. A52 R 25, 1995
L. Plaja et al. JOSA B, 15, 1904 (1998)
S. Gordienko et al PRL 93, (2004)
N.M. Naumova et.al., PRL 92, (2004)
Tsakiris, G., et al., New Journal of Physics, 8, 19 (2006)

64. Reflected radiation spectra: the slow power-law decay
1D simulation 1 10
100
1000
n/0
I ~ 8/3
a0=20
a0=10
a0=5
102
104
106
108
1010
1012
Intensity, a.u.
Gordienko, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004
The Gaussian laser pulse a=a0exp[-(t/t)2]cosw0t is incident onto an overdense plasma layer with n=30nc.
The color lines correspond to laser amplitudes a0=5,10,20. The broken line marks the analytical scaling I ~ w-8/3.
Possibility to produce zeptosecond pulses!!!

65. Multi-keV Harmonics
B. Dromey, M. Zepf et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007)

66. Relativistic High Harmonics: Train of Attosecond Pulses
Yet some applications require single attosecond pulses! Can we extract one pulse from the train?

67. Two large Laser Infrastructures Have Been Selected to be on the ESFRI (European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures) Roadmap
a - HIPER, civilian laser fusion research (using the
“fast ignition scheme”) and all applications of ultra
high energy laser
b - ELI, reaching highest intensities (Exawatt) and
applications
ELI has been the first Infrastructure launched by
Brussels November 1st 2007

69. Towards the Critical Field
For I=1022W/cm2 a02 =104
The pulse duration t= 600 /a0 ~ 6as
The wavelength ~ l/1000
The Focal volume decreases ~ 10-8
The Efficiency~ 10%
Intensity I=1022W/cm I=1028W/cm2

70. Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI
ELI Workshop on
“Fundamental Physics with Ultra-High Fields”
Frauenworth
Sept.28-Oct.2,2008
Gérard A. MOUROU
Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée – LOA
ENSTA – Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS
PALAISEAU, France
i am going to present you some recent works on the production of x-ray radiation using laser produced plasmas.
I am from the PXF group at LOA in france and our goal is to produced bright femtosecond x-ray sources and use these source to do applications in the so called ultrafastx-ray Science.
Recently, thanks to the advent of high intensity lasers it is possible to generate energetic, very collimated, and short pulses electrons beams.
I will show you one way to use these electron to produce femtosecond x-ray beams.