1. PART I- Coins and Weight Tables By Xavier Pique
FOREIGN GOLD COINS OF 1776
PART I- Coins and Weight Tables
By Xavier Pique

2. PURPOSE- PART I Look at Gold Coins circulating in the early U.S.
Look at Weight, and Value Tables

3. Second Continental Congress- Met in 1775-1777
In Philadelphia and Baltimore
John Trumbull’s Painting of the Continental Congress

4. 1776- United States becomes a sovereign nation

5. At War With Great Britain

6. U.S. will not have its own coinage until 1792
Many Different Gold/Silver Coins Circulate

7. How will Commerce and Trade be conducted?

8. What will the Founders of the Nation Use as Money?

9. Continental Currency- A Flop No one Trusted paper money

10. Committee on Coinage Established
Conducted Inquiry on existing Foreign Coins

11. September, 1776 Journals of Congress
Declared relative value of silver to Gold to be 14.5 to 1
Table giving Value of Foreign Gold & Silver Coins
Declared the Spanish Pillar Dollar as the Standard
Based on Isaac Newton’s chart of 1702 for Royal Mint

12. Journals of Continental Congress, Sept. 2, 1776, Page 726

13. Silver Coins Spanish Milled Dollar French Ecu 60 Sols Tournois French Crown English Shilling English Sixpence
1732 Spain Piece of 8
English Shilling 1745

14. Gold Coins Old Spanish Double Doubloon Old Spanish Pistole
Johannes of Portugal
Half Johannes
Double Moeda- Portugal
Moeda- Portugal
Old Louis D’Or- France
New Louis D’Or
English Guinea of William III
English Half Guinea of William III
Chequin of Venice

15. Gold Coins (Cont) The Hungary Ducat The Ducat of Holland
Ducat of Campen in Holland
Ducat of the Bishop of Bamberg
Ducat of Brandemburg
Ducat of Sweden
Ducat of Denmark
Ducat of Poland
Ducat of Transylvania
Ducat of the Duke of Hanover
Double Ducat of the Duke of Hanover

16. Spain Eight Escudos (Doubloon) 1758 Ferdinand VI
Weight:  26.9 grams Diameter: 1.45 inches

17. Spain 4 Escudos 1786 Carlos III Weight 13.5 grams

18. Spain 2 Escudos 1786 Carlos III Weight 6.75 grams
Also Known as Pistole

19. Spain 1 Escudos 1787 Carlos III Weight 3.37 grams

20. Spain ½ Escudo Gold 1773 Carlos III
Weight:  1.7 grams Diameter: .60 inches

21. 1688-1732 Portuguese gold coins .917-Moidore Series
Dobrao Reis-
Half Dobrao
Moidore or Cruzado Reis
½ Moidore
¼ Moidore
1/10 Moidore

22. Portuguese Gold Coins 1722-1835 Joannes Series (Joes) .917
Joannes of Reis--
1/2 Joe Reis
¼ Joe 3200 Reis
Escudo Reis
Quartinho/ ¼ Moidore-1000 Reis
½ Escudo 800 Reis
Cruzado- 400 Reis

23. Moeda of Portugal- Moidore (4000 Reis) 1704 Peter II
10.76 grams, 91,66% Gold 29 mm

24. Portugal- Josephus I 1752 14.33 Grams

25. Portugal Joannes 1727 - 12800 Reis Weight 28.66 Grams

26. Joannes V (Joe) of Portugal 1717 28.53 Grams

27. Portugal 20000 Reis Johannes V 1724 Weight 53.8 g
(31.11 dwt)- 1dwt=approx 1.5 grams

28. France Double Louis D’Or 1747
Weight g

29. French Ecu D’Or (Louis XV) 1726 weight 8.17 g

30. England- Gold Guineas- William III (Top) 1700 George III Guinea 1777 Weight 8.35 g 25mm .916

31. William III Half Guinea 1696

32. William III 5 Guineas 1701

33. Spain 2 Escudos 1786 Carlos III Weight 6.75 grams
Also Known as Pistole

34. Friedrich II. German Pistole 1771 6.63 grams

35. German States Bishop Wilhelm Anton von der Asseburg,
1767. Pistole (5 Taler),

36. Gold Zeccino from Venice with countermarks 1660-1674

37. Italy, Venice, Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-09), Zecchino, undated, Doge kneeling before St. Mark, rev

38. ITALY. Papal States. Zecchino, 1772/ Clement XIV (1769-74).

39. Gold Ducat of the Netherlands which was valued at 9 shillings and sixpence in the proclamation. A small 21.8mm coin minted from about 3.49g of fine gold

40. Ducat of Holland, 1771

41. Ducat of Germany 1746

42. Ducat Of Transylvania 1684

43. Ducat of Poland 1630

44. Ducat of Bavaria

45. Austrian Royal Emperor Joseph II 1788 Gold ducat

46. Grivna (Ukraine) Peter II 1726 - 1729 ducat

47. 1764 Netherlands Utrecht Gold Ducat

48. Ducat of German States Cassel 1746

49. Journals of Continental Congress, Sept. 2, 1776, Page 726

50. RELATIVE COIN VALUES 1776 GOLD PORTUGAL 20000 REIS 31.11 33.4
NAME
FINE WEIGHT
DWT/GRAINS
VALUE-PILLAR DOLLARS
GOLD
PORTUGAL REIS
31.11
33.4
SP. DOUBLOON 8 ESCU
15.20
14.3
SPAIN 4 ESCUDOS
7.22
7.15
PORT. DOUBLE MOEDA
(MOIDORE)
6.07
5.71
ENGLISH GUINEA
4.22
4.45
FRENCH LOUIS D’OR
3.23
3.58
SPAIN- PISTOLE
PORTUGAL- MOEDA
3.04
2.85
CHEQUIN/ ZECCHINO
2.03
1.94
DUCATS- VARIOUS
SILVER
SPAIN-PILLAR DOLLAR
16.1
1.00
ENGLISH CROWN
17.21
1.11

51. Isaac Newton’s Assay for the Royal Mint- 1702

52. MONEY TABLE- 1737 GOLD COINS
Weight.
Value.
Dwt. Grs. s. d.
The Guinea 1 2 9
(And all other pieces of the same species in proportion.) The Moydore 6 22 3
The half Moydore 11 14 8
The quarter Moydore
17½ 7 4
The quadruple Pistole of Gold or Doubloon 17 13
The Spanish or French double Pistole of Gold or the Doubloon or Double Louis d'or 16
The Spanish or French Pistole of Gold 18
The Spanish or French half Pistole of Gold
The Spanish or French quarter Pistole of Gold
The French Louis d'or of the new species 5
The French half Louis d'or of the new species proportionably
14½
The French quarter Louis d'or of the new species proportionably
17¼
The piece of new Gold coin of Portugal
10½ 5¼ 10 19 7¼ 3½
[Warrants not relating to Money XXV. pp. 462–4.]

53. Poor Richard’s Almanack, 1746
Contained Money Table

54. 12 d per shilling
20 s per £
FROM POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC, 1746
A Table for the more ready casting up of Coins, in Pennsylvania.
Spanish 
English 
No.
90 pence
Ps. Eight.
324
Pistoles. 
408
Guineas. 
522
Moidores. s. d. 1 7 6 14 2 3 2 15 14 3 8 4 7 3 1 2 6 4 5 10 4 1 10 5 8 6 16 14 5 1 17 6 15 8 10 6 2 5 8 10 4 13 1 7 2 12 6 9 11 18 15 4

55. Excerpt from Continental Army letter Feb 9, 1776

56. SUMMARY- PART I Gold Coins- Many varieties and weights in circulation
Tables- Neded to Determine Coins value
PART 2- Coin Scales and Coin Weights

57. “Bad Money Drives Out Good”
The End of PART I
Gresham’s Law
“Bad Money Drives Out Good”
Sir Thomas Gresham ( )

58. REFERENCES http://www.coinarchives.com/
A manual of gold and silver coins of all nations struck within the past ...
 By Jacob Eckfeldt

59. TRoy Ounce Long £ (pound) Short
12 Trolls of Troy- for remembering a Troy ounce is bigger than regular ounce, but a Troy Pound is shorter than the regular pound (only 12 Oz)
TRoy Ounce Long £ (pound) Short

60. TROY WEIGHTS TO GRAMS Unit Grains Grams Troy pound (12 troy ounces)
5,760
 721 6
Troy ounce (20 pennyweights)
480
31.103 476 8
Pennyweight 24
1.555 173 84
Grain 1
0.064 798 91

61. GOLD 1 GUINEAS Charles II 1663 - 1684 James II William & Mary
William III
Anne
George I
George II
George III
Technical Specifications
Diameter
25 to 26 mm.
Weight
grams
Alloy
22 carat
Fineness
0.9166
Actual gold content
ounces.

62. A coin with this name was minted in Scotland in 1701, unde
Pistole is the French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres.
In Dumas' The Three Musketeers, set in the 1620s, we learn that one hundred pistoles were worth a thousand livres tournois when Athos bargains for the horse he takes to the battle of La Rochelle. (GF Flammarion edition, p. 396) Since three livres were worth a French ecu, one hundred pistoles is worth ecus. (One livre was also worth one franc when the latter were issued about The franc was in turn replaced by the louis d'or.)
A coin with this name was minted in Scotland in 1701, unde
From wikipedia.com: 'The slang term doubloon (from Spanish doblón, meaning double) refers to a seven-gram (0.225 troy ounce) gold coin minted in Spain, Mexico, Peru, or Nueva Granada. The term was first used to describe the golden excelente, either because of its value of two ducats, or because of the double portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella. Later, it referred to a coin worth two escudos ( troy ounce gold), first minted in 1566, during the reign of Philip II of Spain.

63. 1/2 Escudo 1778 M-PJ Charles III (Madrid, Spain)
Obverse:  CAROL · III ·     D · G · HISP · R · 1778 · Reverse: [no legend]
Weight:  27.5 g   (1.78 grams)                  Diameter:  14.7 mm
 (27.19 grams)                  Diameter:  37.8 mm
an 8 Escudo Spanish gold doubloon

64. THE FRENCH - SPANISH PISTOLE
THE FRENCH - SPANISH PISTOLE * Estimated from the Proclamation of that the pistole value was 17s
Unit
Coin
Tolerance Weight
English value
Quadruple Pistole   (Doubloon)  
  4 French louis d'or   8 Spanish escudo
17dwt   8gr 
£3   8s 0d*  
Double Pistole  
  2 French louis d'or   4 Spanish escudo
8dwt 16gr 
£1 14s 0d*  
One Pistole  
  1 French louis d'or   2 Spanish escudo
4dwt   8gr 
17s 0d    
Half Pistole  
  ½ Fr. louis d'or   1 Spanish escudo
2dwt   4gr 
8s 6d*  
THE PORTUGUESE MOIDORE Weights and values from coinweight box label of c1773. * Estimated
5 Moidore  
  20,000 reis
1oz 14dwt 15¼gr 
£6 15s  0d*  
2½ Moidore  
  10,000 reis
17dwt   7½gr 
£3   7s  6d*  
1 Moidore  
    4,000 reis
6dwt 22¼gr 
£1   7s  0d    
½ Moidore  
    2,000 reis
3dwt    11gr 
13s  6d    
¼ Moidore  
    1,000 reis
1dwt    17gr 
6s  9d    
THE PORTUGUESE ESCUDO Weights and values from coinweight box label of c1773.
(Double Joe) Port Piece  
    8 escudo
18dwt    10gr 
£3 12s  0d    
(Joe) Half Port Piece  
    4 escudo
9dwt      5gr 
£1 16s  0d    
Quarter Port Piece  
    2 escudo
4dwt 14½gr 
18s  0d    
One eighth Port Piece  
    1 escudo
2dwt   7¼gr 
9s  0d    
One sixteenth Port Piece  
    ½ escudo
1dwt   3½gr 
4s  6d

66. FRENCH ROYAL COINS Louis XV (1715-1774), 1/5 écu à la vieille tête

67. AR dixieme d'ecu (12 sols), 1741, 21. 5mm, 2. 81gr. Obv: LUD. XV. D. G
AR dixieme d'ecu (12 sols), 1741, 21.5mm, 2.81gr. Obv: LUD.XV.D.G.FR.ET.NAV, portrait facing left. Rev: SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM 1741, circle with three lis, surmounted by a large crown, shield bracketed by wreath. Mint is Caen - C at bottom of reverse.  D1683, C2127. Contemporary English coins: George I,  George II, George III.

68. George II Shilling 175

69. George III Shilling

70. Old French Ecu 1781 Silver

71. JAMES II CROWN 1688
William III Crown 1700

72. GREAT BRITAIN, GEORGE I, 1723 ---SIXPENCE- SILVER

73. and from that
of William the Conqueror among the English, the proportion between the
pound, the shilling, and the penny, seems to have been uniformly the same as
at present, though the value of each has been very different ; for in every
country of the world, I believe, the avarice and injustice of princes and
sovereign states, abusing the confidence of their subjects, have by degrees
diminished the real quantity of metal, which had been originally contained
in their coins. The Roman as, in the latter ages of the republic, was
reduced to the twenty-fourth part of its original value, and, instead of
weighing a pound, came to weigh only half an ounce. The English pound and
penny contain at present about a third only ; the Scots pound and penny
about a thirty-sixth ; and the French pound and penny about a sixty-sixth
part of their original value. By means of those operations, the princes and
sovereign states which performed them were enabled, in appearance, to pay
their debts and fulfil their engagements with a smaller quantity of silver
than would otherwise have been requisite.
Value of use; value of exchange
Wealth of Nations- Adam Smith