1. UMTS and Beyond Prof. Hamid Aghvami
Centre for Telecommunications Research - King’s College London
Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd

2. Mobile System Generations
First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to offer data at low rates.
Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different environments.
3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT2000) worldwide.

3. UMTS
“UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite components.
It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services and applications.
It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used”.
UMTS Forum 1997

4. UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)
Multi-media
Multi-environment
Multi-operator Virtual operators

5. Mobile Multimedia Services

6. Different Environments for UMTS

7. First phase of UMTS
Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary approach for the UMTS core network based on migration from the GSM/GPRS infrastructure.
For the actual air interface, a revolutionary approach has been chosen. That is a new radio air interface for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).
There is another parallel activity concerning the UMTS air interface using an evolutionary approach (an intermediate approach).

8. Evolution approach based on GSM Infrastructure
Public Network
Radio Access
Dual-mode
Evolved
GSM
Radio Access
(GERAN)
NSS
And
GSN’s
PSTN
N-ISDN
B-ISDN
IP-based
Networks
New
Radio Access
(UTRAN)
Dual-mode
Evolution approach based on GSM Infrastructure
Evolution Approach

9. Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface
In this approach the GSM air interface has evolved within GSM phase 2+ to support higher rate data services. The most important developments in this approach are:
1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS )
2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD )
3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE )
It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

10. .….. …… UMTS – Phase I PDN Internet PSTN HLR GGSN SGSN RNC RNC …. …. …Gc C
GGSN
Circuit Switched
(GSM)
GMSC Gr
Packet Switched
(GPRS) D Gn Gs
SGSN
SMSC/
VLR
.…..
Iu,ps
Iu,cs
Iu,cs
Iu,ps ……
RNC
RNC …. ….
UTRAN … …
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B

11. Legacy mobile
signalling
network
Applications
& Services
Multimedia
IP networks
SGW Mh Mm Ms
HSS
(HLR)
CSCF Cx Mg Gi Mr Gi Gr
MRF Gc TE MT
GERAN Gi
MGCF R Um Mc
Iu-PS
SGSN
GGSN
PSTN/
legacy/external Gn Gp Gi
MGW TE MT
UTRAN
EIR R Uu Gf Gn
GGSN
Other PLMN
SGSN
Signalling interface
Signalling and data transfer interface
Simplified architecture for the support of IP-based multimedia services in 3GPP release 5

12. New Functional Entities for the All IP Architecture
Call State Control Function (CSCF) executes the call control. It is based on the
IETF Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
Media GateWay (MGW) provides an inter-connection from GGSN to legacy
circuit-switched networks such as PSTN.
Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) controls the MGW.
Media Resource Function (MRF) performs multiparty call and multimedia
conferencing functions.
Signalling GateWay (SGW) performs signalling conversion to/from legacy
mobile signalling network.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is an evolved HLR.

13. user controlled services context-aware applications
4G Concept
Towards 4G
User centric,
user controlled services
and
context-aware applications

14. What does “user controlled services” mean?
4G Concept
What does “user controlled services” mean?
“ The user has freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable price, anytime, anywhere using any device in a secure manner”

15. What does “context-aware applications” mean?
4G Concept
What does “context-aware applications” mean?
“ A context-aware application means the behaviour of the application adapts itself to user context changes. User context includes:
-user profile and preferences.
-user device and access network capabilities.
-user environment and mobility. ”

16. Reconfigurable Technology
Technologies
Challenges
Convergence/integration/inter-working of all existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired and wireless) networks including broadcast
Simple to select and easy to use desired services
Universal and low cost terminals
IP Technology
Agent Technology
Reconfigurable Technology

17. Network Level Concepts
Inter-working Concept
Integration Concept

18. Interworking/Integration
For the design of next generation wireless networks two different approaches
are currently being considered. They are:
- Interworking with next generation Internet (tight coupling)
- Integration within next generation Internet (very tight coupling)
In the first approach, the access network and the core network use different IP
protocols and mechanisms and only the core network is considered as a
sub-network of the Internet.
In the second approach, both the core and access networks use common IP
based protocols and mechanisms and the access network is considered as a
sub-network of the Internet.

19. Context-aware information
Inter-Working
Billing
SIP Proxy
Server
Signalling Gateway
ISP
VHE
WAP
Accounting
The
Internet
IP backbone
Satellite FES
Context-aware information
Centre
Broadcast Networks
(DAB, DVB-T)
GSM / GPRS
IP-based
micro-mobility
UMTS
Wireless LANs

20. General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform
Integration
Applications
AP1
AP2
AP3
APn
Middleware
Service support sub-layer
Location
Accounting/billing
Media conversion
Distribution
Basic network management sub-layer
RRM MM
C/SM
Security
QoS
ISDN/
PSTN
IP-based transport NW IP IP IP IP
Radio
Internet IP IP
Radio IP
Radio
General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform

21. Hierarchical coverage layers for 4G
IP-based backbone
Global coverage
Satellite
Regional coverage
DAB and DVB-T, DVB-S
National coverage
2G, 3G and 4G Cellular
Local area coverage
Wireless LANs
Personal area coverage
Wireless PANs
Vertical Handover
Horizontal Handover

22. From a user prospective
The complexity of the problem: user prospective
From a user prospective
Multiple Heterogeneous network operators
part of
Multiple user environments
accessed using
Multiple heterogeneous devices
owned by
heterogeneous users

23. From a network prospective
The complexity of the problem: network prospective
From a network prospective
Multiple Heterogeneous network operators
providing
Multiple services
through
multiple access networks to
users with heterogeneous devices

24. A Heterogeneous Network Architecture
UTRAN
WLAN
4G RAN
PAN
Wireless
Access Network
Core Network
Future Internet
Intra -
Cell PAN Ad
hoc Network

25. Inter-working between two radio access networks
Open coupling

26. Inter-working between two radio access networks
Loose coupling

27. Inter-working between two radio access networks
Tight coupling

28. Inter-working between two radio access networks
Very tight coupling

29. Inter-working examples - caching

30. Inter-working examples
user centric
Delivery options
Network provides device delivery options
including cost and delivery times
User selects desired destination
Content Delivery
Notification
Content: video clip(15MB)
Service: Music Clips
Company: MTV
Please select delivery options
Send to PDA (5 eur) –15min
Send to office PC (10 eur) –7min
Send to STB (20 eur)-2min
Slide:30-40

31. Inter-working examples – network centric
Load balancing i.e. Using DVB to multicast or broadcast to large number of users
Handovers i.e. Users in train moving outside the coverage of a network
Slide:31-40

32. Network Selection Service Type Available Resources User Context
Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria
Service Type
- Data rate
- QoS
Available Resources
User Context
- Environment (When and Where)
- Mobility
- User preferences

33. Convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANs
Benefits
For cellular mobile operators
Higher bandwidths.
Lower cost of networks and equipment.
The use of licence-exempt spectrum.
Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.
Higher revenue.
For users
Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where
mostly needed (e.g. in Central Business Districts and Business
Customer Premises).
Inter-network roaming.

34. Convergence of Mobile Communications and Broadcasting
Drivers
From broadcaster point of view
Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to-multipoint
broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on
DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 2G/3G cellular
systems.
From the cellular mobile operator point of view
Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular
environments to support IP-based multi-media traffic which is
inherently asymmetrical.

35. Convergence
Benefits
Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to
adapt the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in
response to the feedback from customers.
Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of
new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments.
Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-
media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

36. IP Layer Model
Steve Deering - Cisco : Fifty-first IETF; London, England, August 5-10, 2001

37. Additional IP Functions
IP Layer Model for WLANs
Higher Layers
Additional IP Functions
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
AAA
IP Sec
Ad-Hoc Routing
etc.
IP Network Layer
Native IP Functions:
Routing
Addressing
Packet Formatting and Handling
Data Interface
Error Control
Buffer Management
QoS Support
Segmentation/Reassembly
Header Compression
Multicast Support
Control Interface
Configuration Management
Address Management
QoS Control
Handover Control
Idle Mode Support
Security Management
IP Convergence Layer
Lower Layers

38. IP Layer Model
The functionalities and structure of the IP layer model are not
sufficient and/or efficient to achieve the requirements of future
inter-worked or integrated networks.
No fundamental changes have been made in the design of IPV6.
The question is:
“ Are some radical changes needed to the IP layer model in
order to offer better solutions to the convergence issue?” If yes,
what are the consequences and implications?

39. Agent Definition
“ An agent is a software component (object) that is situated within an execution environment (e.g. computers) and acts autonomously on behalf of a user or process and has specific goal.”
2G, 3G
WLAN … AP
AP: Agent Platform
Service Centre

40. Agent Technology Mandatory features
Reactive: senses changes in the environment and
reacts in accordance.
Autonomous: has control over its own actions
Goal-driven: is pro-active
Optional features
Collaborative: communicates/negotiates with other
agents
Mobile: travels from one host to another
Learning: adapts in accordance with previous
experience
Believable: appears believable to the end-user.

41. Mobile vs. Static Agents
request
respond
Client
Server
request
respond
Client
Server
“Software components that can migrate under their own control from host to host in a network or between networks”

42. Mobile Agents Mobile agents have already been used for network
monitoring and service delivery including education
at a distance.
In an ever-increasing world of service providers and
service packages, a user demands a simple
approach to the selection of the desired service and
its delivery mechanism in real-time with least effort.
This can be achieved through the use of mobile
agents.
The use of mobile agents can also overcome
the constraints imposed on applications by
the limited processing power and speed of
mobile terminals.

43. Agent Technology An open question:
Static or mobile agents for wireless networks?
What are the pros and cons?

44. Re-configurable Technology What does Reconfiguration mean?
“Reconfiguration refers to the software re-definition and/or adaptation of every element within each layer of the communication chain.”
RF Front End
A/D Converter
D/A Converter
Baseband Processing
User
Data

45. Re-configurable Technology
Benefits
Users
- Select network depending on service requirements and cost.
- Connect to any network – Worldwide roaming.
-Access to new services.
Operators
- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).
- Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.
- Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.
- Rapid development of new personalised and customised services
Manufacturers
- Single platform for all markets.
- Increased flexible and efficient production.

46. Re-configuration Procedures
Trigger
Initiated by network operator or user
Mode Monitoring
Mode Identification
What networks are available?
Mode Negotiation
What is the most suitable network (based on QoS, user preferences etc.)?
Mode Switch Decision
Decision on preferred mode
Download software modules that are required for the target mode
Software Download
Reconfigure Terminal

47. Re-configurable Technology
CHALLENGES
Regulatory and Standardisation issues.
Business models.
User preference profiles.
Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria.
Software download mechanisms.
Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators.
Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements, ADC/DAC etc.)

48. Conclusion 4G Vision Reconfigurable IP Technology Technology
Agent Technology