1. An Introduction to Intellectual Property What are patents
An Introduction to Intellectual Property What are patents? and How can they be used?
Presentation by Joe Irvine
Director, TTBE uOttawa
Jan. 30, 2006
For
Dr. Hanan Anis
2nd year engineering and
computer science students

2. Outline Introduction to TTBE What is Intellectual Property (IP)?
Legal Protection for IP
Types of, and Examples of, IP
What is a patent?
How do we file a patent?
Patent Structure
Case Study RIM vs NTP
Summary and Conclusions

3. Technology Transfer & Business Enterprise (TTBE) is part of the Office of the Vice-President, Research What does TTBE do?
Establish Research Partnerships
Negotiate and Support Contract Research
Establish Technology Partnerships
Identify and Protect Intellectual Property (IP)
License and Commercialize IP

4. Why does the University protect (and commercialize) IP?
Facilitate New Research;
Support Institution and Researchers;
Provide Researchers with new Opportunities and Tools
Corporate Responsibility
Transfer IP to Business for Economic Benefit

5. What is Intellectual Property (IP)?
Legal Definition: “Intellectual Property” (IP) refers to all materials, concepts, know-how, formulae, inventions, improvements, industrial designs, processes, patterns, machines, manufactures, compositions of matter, compilations of information, patents and patent applications, copyrights, trade secrets, technology, technical information, software, prototypes and specifications, including rights to apply for protections under statutory proceedings available for those purposes, provided they are capable of protection at law.
Source: Networks of Centres of Excellence Agreement

6. What is Intellectual Property (IP)?
Intellectual Property is any form of knowledge or expression created using (your) intellect. IP includes inventions, computer software, trademarks, literary, artistic musical or visual works and expertise or know-how. Some IP can be legally protected.

7. Legal Protection for IP
7 major forms of Legal IP Protection Agent Granting
Trade Secrets Corporation
Patents Government
Trade Marks Government
Copyrights Government
Industrial Designs Government
Integrated Circuit Topographies Government
Plant Breeder’s Rights Government
Trade Secrets – Some know-how, expertise, techniques and formulas are protected by being kept as trade secrets – this requires Confidentiality agreements with employees etc. Perhaps most famous corporate examples are formulas for Coca-cola and Kentucky Fried Chicken

8. Forms of Legal Protection for IP
Patents cover new inventions (process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter), or any new and useful improvement of an existing invention;
Trade-marks are words, symbols or designs (or any combination of these features), used to distinguish the wares or services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace;
Copyrights provide protection for literary (including software), artistic, dramatic or musical works and performance, sound recording and communication signal

9. Forms of Legal Protection for IP - 2
Industrial Designs are the visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or any combination of these features), applied to a finished article of manufacture;
Integrated Circuit Topographies refer to the three-dimensional configuration of the electronic circuits embodied in integrated circuit products or layout designs;
Plant Breeder’s Rights provides protection for new varieties, if new, distinct, uniform and stable from generation to generation).

10. Intellectual Property Protection
Most forms of IP protection are rights granted to an individual or organization by the federal government for that country (Originally were rights granted by the King)
Each country has its own IP rights – which means you must seek IP protection in each country you wish to commercialize the invention
Countries are (slowly) making IP protection process comparable
PCT convention allows for international filing of patents and European patent office allows for simultaneous filing in all (or selected) countries in the EU

11. What is the commercial purpose of IP?
IP establishes a right and identifies ownership of the intellectual creativity which enables its owner to profit from the creative endeavour and to exclude others from making, selling or using the same without the necessary authorization.  
IP enhances the value and profitability of a business. It signifies a certain standard, method or competitive edge and lays the groundwork for maximizing on the commercial results of its ownership.  
IP assets accrue to their owners through its business development and strategies: from product development to design, from service delivery to marketing, and from raising financial resources to exporting or expanding its business through licensing or franchising.  
IP instills trust, confidence and loyalty to the consumers it markets through a distinct identity, image and reputation.

12. Canadian Intellectual Property Office http://cipo.gc.ca/
United States Patent and Trademark Office

13. Examples of IP The terminology of IP can seem complex
To see examples of the four major commercial forms of IP – Patents, Copyrights, Industrial Design, Trademark the Canadian Intellectual Property Office on-line database was searched for each type of IP using the same keyword “phone”

14. Canadian Industrial Designs Database http://strategis. ic. gc
Search for: Phone in Title From To found.
CELLULAR PHONE BASE STATION
Page 1 of 5
CELLULAR PHONE CHARGING BASE
Page 1 of 4
Industrial designs consist of diagrams
of the final manufactured form of a product

15. Copyright covers the content of documents, software etc.
Canadian Copyrights Database
Search for: Phone in the Title Documents found: 44
5.Chinese Phone Directory  Registration number: Type: Copyright Author: Wang, (Andy) Cheng - Hsiung Owner: Asia Phone Book Inc.  Registration Date:
6.Filipino Toonie Talk Prepaid Phone Card  Registration number: Type: Copyright Author: KadCom Services Limited / Kader, Kandoker Faisal / c/o KadCom Services Limited Owner: KadCom Services Limited  Registration Date:
7.Caillou - The Phone Call  Registration number: Type: Copyright Author: Pleau-Murissi, Marilyn Owner: Les Éditions Chouette (1987) inc.
Copyright covers the content of documents, software etc.

16. Canadian Trade-marks Database http://strategis. ic. gc
Search for: Phone in the TM Lookup: All from 1 January 1865 to 17 January 2006 Documents found: 853
YOUR PHONE AWAY FROM PHONE , REGISTERED, , TMA (9K)
THE BOOK THE PHONE COMPANY DOESN'T WANT YOU TO READ , REGISTERED, , TMA (7K)
Trademarks: PICK IT UP.PHONE IT UP.LIVE IT UP. , EXPUNGED, , TMA (8K)
Trademarks are a name, logo, design
or slogan for a commercial enterprise

17. Canadian Patents Database http://patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html
Search ((Phone)) 1930 documents out of matched your query.
USER AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD  
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING SUPERVISORY CONTROL OVER WIRELESS PHONE USAGE  
PHONE NUMBER REPLACE CODE SYSTEM AND METHOD  
NETWORK TELEPHONE SYSTEM AND METHODS THEREFOR  
SYSTEM AND METHOD TO INITIATE A MOBILE DATA
COMMUNICATION UTILIZING A TRIGGER SYSTEM  
MULTIPLE SERVICE PROVIDER PREPAID WIRELESS SERVICE CARD  
SEARCHING ADRESS BY NUMERICAL CODES  
Patents often describe a method or process

18. Source: http//:cipo.gc.ca
What is a patent?
With a patent, the government gives the inventor, the right to exclude others from making, using or selling the invention for a maximum of 20 years after the patent was filed.
In exchange, the inventor must provide a full description of the invention and the Patent Office will publish the application 18 months from the first filing date for people to read about, (but not make, use or sell) the invention to promote the sharing of technological information.
PATENTS are:
1) documents protecting the rights of the inventor; and
2) a public repository of technical information.
The rights conferred by a patent extend throughout the issuing country - but not to other countries, which must be applied for in each country.
Source: http//:cipo.gc.ca

19. Novelty, Utility, Ingenuity
Novelty: The original inventor of the first such invention in the world can be granted a patent ONLY if the invention has NOT been made public before you filed the application.
Utility: A valid patent cannot be obtained for something that doesn't work, or that has no useful function.
Ingenuity/Obviousness: The invention must not be obvious beforehand to workers of average skill in the technology involved.
___________________________________________________
Improvements: An improvement to an existing patented invention, can be patented - but the original patent may still be in force and the making of the improvement would probably be an infringement.

20. How do you file for a patent?
Invention Disclosure: Describe invention, list unique features of invention, all inventors, relevant literature/patents, dates and records (including any data) documenting invention
Preliminary Patent Search: Key words from Invention Disclosure (US PTO; CIPO) Find related patents. Use these as a guide for patent scope and description. Need to include all/any relevant patents in list of relevant background to invention

21. Filing a patent – Next Steps
Formal patent search
Drafting patent
Drawings
Claims
Review by Inventors and Patent Agents
Filing with Patent Office
Patenting Strategy
Countries to file
Provisional patent
Patent Structure
Abstract
Field of Invention
Brief Description of Invention
Description of Prior Art
Description of Invention
Drawings of Invention
List of Claims

22. Relation of New Patent Application to Existing Patents
Each patent is a description of a novel invention that builds on the prior art
1st relevant patent has the broadest scope
2nd patent builds on disclosure of 1st patent and includes improvements and different applications
3rd patent builds on both patents for a smaller scope and different application
Specific claims of unique and novel features cannot overlap with previous patents but can build on the “prior art” to create a new invention/patent
Rights to commercialize may be dependent on access to prior art and previous patents unless they have expired
Wheel ACME Corp
Bicycle Wheel ACME Corp
Scope of Claims
Wheel chair
Medical Corp
Time
Figure based on Protecting Scientific Ideas & Inventions (1988) CRC Press

23. Patent Prosecution - Timelines
Filing the Patent (t=0)
1st Office Action 1-3yrs (Response)
Publication 1.5 yrs
2nd Office Action 2-5 yrs (Response)
Examination Decision
Rejection or Issuance
Patent Coverage from t=0 to t=20 yrs
Some countries 17 yrs from issuance
Annuity Fees required to keep patent rights
Patents issued in 2006 will likely provide protection until 2021

24. RIM has 123 US patent issued since 1993
Research In Motion Inc. vs. New Technologies Products Inc Commercial IP Litigation
RIM has 123 US patent issued since 1993
NTP (and predecessors) have 5 patents issued between 1995 and Nov 2001
Patents issued to Inventor and licensed or assigned to 3 companies founded by Inventor
Eventually purchased from bankrupt company by lawyer and inventor.
NTP was a “holding company” only for these patents
2000 NTP sends form letter to RIM warning about direct infringement on its “wireless ” patents
May 2001 RIM sues Glenayre Electronics and issues media release about users will have to license RIM patents
Nov 2001 NTP sues RIM for infringement
Globe & Mail Jan 28, 2006

25. RIM vs NTP
Nov 2002 Court proceedings begin Court rules in favor of NTP; Issues Damages at US$23M plus royalty; US PTO re-examines NTP patents (to be completed 2006)
March 2003 Court increases damages to US$60M due to RIM legal tactics and testimony
Aug 2003 Injunction issues forbidding RIM sales within US (stayed ending appeal)
Dec 2004 Verdict upheld on appeal
Globe & Mail Jan 28, 2006

26. RIM vs NTP 2005-06 Mar 2005 RIM NTP reach $450M settlement
Jun 2005 RIM NTP agreement unravels
Aug 2005 Case goes to US Supreme Court
Sep 2005 US PTO rejects NTP patents but does secondary review
Dec 2005 US PTO rejects 4 of 5 patents, continues review on 5th. NTP receives 30 day extension to respond before final rulings
Jan 2006 Supreme Court refuses to hear case
Next month: Feb 2006 Judge to hold hearing on injunction and damages
Globe & Mail Jan 28, 2006

27. Conclusion
Intellectual Property Protection – including patents – are government issued rights to inventors
Rights include right to sue infringers
Patents are only as good as the legal fees you have to back them up
Patents are commercial assets (and business tools) that companies can use to raise investment, protect products and technology and can be tools to litigate against competitors

28. Summary
There are several types of intellectual property protection: including patents, copyright, trademark and industrial design
Patents recognize novelty, ingenuity (non-obviousness) and utility
Patents build on prior art and require public disclosure 18 months after filing
Patents protect inventions
Patents are government rights that give commercial and legal protection to inventions and the ability to litigate against competition