1. Localization

2. Introduction
We are here !

3. Applications Wildlife Tracking Weather Monitoring
Location-based Authentication
Routing in ad-hoc networks
Surveillances

4. Properties of Localization
Physical position versus symbolic location
Absolute versus relative coordinates
Localized versus centralized computation
Percision
Cost
Scale
Limitations

5. Possible Approaches Triangulation, Trilateration Scene Analysis
Location determined using geometry.
Scene Analysis
Observed features used to infer location.
Proximity
Detection of change near known location.

6. Scene Analysis
Features of an observed scene from a particular vantage point used to infer location.
Not applicable in WSNs.

7. Proximity
Can be used for positioning when several overlapping anchors are avialalbe.
Centronoid localization
It can be used to decide whether a node is in the proximity of an anchor.
E.g. Active Badge

8. Triangulation Vs. Lateration
The proximity helps to determine geometric relationship between nodes.
The distance between them or angle of a singular triangle can be easily estimated.

9. Lateration vs. Angulation
When distances between entities are used, the approach is called lateration.
when angles between nodes are used, one talks about angulation.

10. Trilateration
Using distances and anchor positions, the node’s position has to be at the intersection of three circles around the anchors. d d d

11. Distance measure Approaches
RSSI
ToA
TDoA
Determining Angles

12. RSSI Known : Transmission power Ptx The path loss model
Path lost coefficient α
Receiver can determine the distance d to the transmitter :

13. RSSI Challenges: Signal propagation issues, especially indoors:
Shadowing, Scattering, Multipath propagation.
It’s usually a random process.

14. Time of Arrival Conditions :
The speed of propagation is known.
Sound speed depends on environmental factors.
Receiver and sender are synchronized.(drawback)
The distance can be estimated, using the transmission time.

15. TDoA
TDoA use two transmissions mediums of different propagation speeds to generate an implicit synchronization.
First signal is used to measure ToA of the second one.

16. Triangulation
Angulation: using angles to determine distance with directional, or phased-array antennas.
2D position requires two angle + one distance measurement.
3D position requires two angle + one length + one azimuth measurement.
d is known d

17. Mathematics of Lateration
there are three anchors with known positions.
For the unknown position of (xu,yu) and those anchors we have :

18. Mathematics of Lateration
After subtracting the third equ. and reordering them we have :
That can be expressed using a linear matrix.

19. Mathematics of Lateration
Which the Matrix on the left side and right side are known constant.

20. Solving the Distance Errors.
Distance measurements are not perfect but only estimates with an unknown error ε are known.
How to Solve this ?
More than three anchors are needed.
Use Multilateration Problem

21. Multilateration When order the so called Euclidian formula , we have :
A solution can be computed that minimizes the mean square error. which is :

22. Single Hop Localization
This is about systems where a node with unknown position can directly communicate with anchors.

23. Active Badge
Every badge periodically, sends unique identifier, via infrared, to the receivers. receivers, receive this identifiers and store it on a central server.
IR sensor (receiver)
Central Server
Badge

24. Active office
The devices which its position is to be determinate act as ultrasound senders
Receivers are placed at well-known position, mounted in array at the ceiling of a room.
controller sends a radio message which contains the address of this specific device.
The device sends out an ultrasound pulse, which is received by the array of receivers.

25. Active office
This array computes the difference between the arrival of the ultrasound pulse and the time when the radio signal was sent. (TDoA)

26. Cricket
In both recent cases, infrastructure determines device position.
Here the devices themselves can compute their own positions or locations.

27. Cricket
Anchors spread in a building send ultrasound pulses that combined with radio pulses, which allow the receiver to employ the TDoA to extract symbolic location information of its position.

28. Overlapping Connectivity
Try to use only the observation of connectivity to a set of anchors to determine a node’s position.

29. APIT
Decide whether a node is within or outside of a triangle formed by any three anchors.

30. APIT
Nodes cannot move always !
how to decide ?

31. APIT
Approximate P.I.T Test: If no neighbor of M is further from/closer to all three anchors A, B and C simultaneously, M assumes that it is inside triangle ΔABC. Otherwise, M assumes it resides outside this triangle.

32. Two possible Errors

33. Two possible Errors
the percentage of APIT tests exhibiting such an error is relatively small (14% in the worst case).

34. APIT Aggregation
APIT aggregates the results (inside/outside decisions among which some may be incorrect) through a grid SCAN algorithm.

35. Using Angle of Arrival
use anchors nodes that use narrow, rotating beams where the rotation speed is constant and known to all nodes.

36. Positioning in MultiHop
Recent approaches was based on connectivity of nodes to anchors.
This assumption is not always true in a WSN – not every node is in direct contact with at least three anchors.

37. SDP
Geometric constraints between nodes are represented as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
The LMIs can be combined to form a single semidefinite program.
only constraints that form convex regions are amenable to representation as an LMI.

38. SDP
Angle of arrival data can be represented as a triangle and hop count data can be represented as a circle, but precise range data cannot be conveniently represented.

39. SDP
Given a set of convex constraints on a node’s position, SDP simply finds the intersection of the constraints.

40. MDS MDS-MAP is a centralized algorithm.
Suppose there are n points, suspended in a volume. We don’t know the positions of the points, but we do know the distance between each pair of points. Find the relative positions of the points based on the pairwise distances.

41. MDS
Estimates shortest path between any pair of nodes , then applies a MDS , and at the end Transform the estimates into global coordinates using some number of fixed anchor nodes using a CSR routine.

42. MDS
It is fairly stable with respect to anchor placement, achieving good results even if only few anchors are available or placed.

43. Multihop Range Estimation
Niculescu described three different approach.
DV-Hop
DV-Distance
Euclidean Distance

44. DV-Hop Count Shortest hop numbers between all two nodes.
Each anchors estimate hop length and propagates to the network.
Node calculates its position based on average hop length and shortest path to each anchor.

45. DV Hop
L1 calculates average hope length :
So do L2 and L3 :

46. DV-Hop
Node A uses trilateration to estimate it’s position by multiplying the average hope length of every received anchor to shortest path length it assumed.

47. DV-Distance
Distance between neighboring nodes is measured using radio signal strength and is propagated in meters rather than in hops.
Range estimation is more precise.
The algorithm uses the same method to estimate but shortest distance length are assumed.

48. Euclidean Distance
Assuming that the distances AB, AC, BC, XB, XC are all known, it is possible to compute the unknown distance XA.

49. Iterative Multilateration
When a node is not located within a range of three anchors, multilateration can not be implemented.
use normal nodes, once they have estimated their positions, just like anchor nodes in a multilateration algorithm.

50. Iterative Multilateration

51. Iterative Multilateration
When more information becomes available – more neighbors have estimated their own position – it is possible to use it to improve the position estimate and propagate an updated estimate to a node’s neighbors.

52. Collaborative Multilateration
There can be nodes in the network that can not estimate their position.
When this occurs a node can use location information over multiple Hubs to attempt to estimate its position.

53. Collaborative Multilateration
Savvides : participating nodes can be defined as nodes that have at least three anchors or other participating nodes as neighbours.
Nodes 2 and 4 are participating nodes and its position can be solved.

54. Collaborative Multilateration
Savarese : a sound node has independent references to at least 3(4) anchors. That is, the multi-hop routes to the anchors have no link (edge) in common. Node 2,4 are sounds.

55. Probabilistic Positioning
As mentioned before an RSSI value, gives rise to a probability density function, relating each distance to a certain probability with which it corresponds to the RSSI value.

56. Probabilistic Positioning
Once information from a second anchor becomes available, the two density functions can be convoluted and an improved description of the node’s position probabilities results.

57. Anchor Placement
Properly placed anchor act an important role in estimating the position.
Accuracy improves if more anchors are available.
Several Articles expressing a preference for anchors to be placed in perimeter of a given area.
Some adaptive placement algorithms are available for low density networks.

58. Global Positioning System

59. GPS
Consists of 24 MEO satellites that transmit precise microwave signals.

60. GPS
Four satellites are placed in each of six orbital planes with 55° tilt to the equator.
Four to ten GPS satellites will be visible anywhere in the world

61. GPS
The satellite altitude is about 20,200km above the Earth’s surface.

62. GPS
The satellite constellation is managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing in Colorado.
The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$750 million per year.

63. GPS Navigation Signals
GPS satellites broadcast three different types of data in the primary navigation signal.
Almanac
Ephemeris
Clock information

64. Almanac and Ephemeris Ephemeris : Almanac:
Contains orbital information that allows the receiver to calculate the position of the satellite, is transmitted every 30 sec.
Almanac:
Information and status concerning all the satellites; their locations and PRN numbers.
framed in Navigation Message of bit

65. Clock informations
The coordinates (the location) of the satellites as a function of time.
The transmitted signals are controlled by highly accurate atomic clocks.

66. Clock Information Coarse / Acquisition code Precise code, or P-code
Is freely available
Precise code, or P-code
Restricted to public users by encrypting it.

67. CA code
The C/A code is a 1,023 bit long PRN broadcast at MHz, repeating every millisecond.
Each satellite sends a distinct C/A code, which allows it to be uniquely identified.

68. P-code The P-code is a stream of about 2.35 × 1014 chips!.
It is also 10 times faster than the C/A-code (10.23 Mbps).
Segmented between satellites.
P-code is encrypted to Y-Code.

69. Positioning Requirements
Current time.
The position of the satellite
Measured delay of the received signal.
The position accuracy is primarily dependent on the satellite position and signal delay.

70. Measuring Delay
The receiver compares the bit sequence received from the satellite with an internally generated version.

71. Measuring Delay
Modern electronics can measure signal offset to within about 1% of a bit time, or approximately 10 nanoseconds for the C/A code or about 3 meters.
Using the higher-speed P(Y) signal. Assuming the same 1% bit time accuracy, the high frequency P(Y) signal results in an accuracy of about 30 centimeters.

72. Calculating Position
Knowing Satellite position and calculating distance using delay
One can use Lateration on at least 3 satellites to find out its position.

73. Calculating Positiong
Due to receiver clock error (bias) we need forth satellite to solve this problem using MMS.

74. User Segment
A typical GPS device contains a 12-channel receiver and an antenna to capture satellite signals.
Most systems take around one to two minutes to acquire a 3D fix during a cold start, while some can take a few minutes.

75. User Segment
BMW continues to offer onboard navigation with voice recognition and voice guidance on most of its new vehicles, with prices starting at $1,800.

76. What Feature shoud I look for ?
Display
Maps
Form factor
Navigation feature
Accessories

77. Acknowledge
Thanks to audiences