1. Chapters 11 & 14

2. 1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?”
2. Why did he use pea plants?

3. 1. Gregor Mendel
2. To study the inheritance of traits
and they reproduced quickly

4. What is pure bred, true breeding, or homozygous mean?
What type of offspring results when you cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits?
What are the offspring of two parents called?

5. Both alleles are either dominant or recessive AA or aa
All hybrid (Aa) offspring result
F1 generation Aa

6. What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate?

7. RR Rr Rr rr R r Rr x Rr R r Genotype Ratio: 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr
Phenotype Ratio: 3 Round: 1 Wrinkled

8. What is probability?
What is the probability of getting heads when you flip a penny?

9. Probability: The chance of something happening!
½ or 50%

10. Why did we keep increasing the number of flips of our penny in the “Coin Toss” lab?

11. The higher the number of trials you perform, the more likely you are to get the expected outcome (probability).
½ heads, ½ tails

12. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

13. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?
½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½
= 1/64

14. What is the “Principle of Independent Assortment?”

15. During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other.
Foil each parent
to get 4 gametes
G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

16. Be able to define:
Complete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Co-Dominance

17. Complete Dominance
The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype.
Incomplete Dominance
Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!!
Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers.
Co-Dominance
Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other.
ABO blood types: A blood x B blood =
AB blood

18. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type:
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

19. AB has same genotype and phenotype
Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type:
AB has same genotype and phenotype

20. What are polygenic traits?

21. What are polygenic traits?
Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color.

22. How many different gametes would you get from the following parent?
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

23. First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply!
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h
1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 =
32 gametes

24. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH
have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not?
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

25. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH
have a child with the following genotype? Why?
NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have 2 EE’s.
A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

26. Female Male Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males!
4 Sperm are produced
1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced

27. Know the stages of Meiosis I & II
The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I
The paired, homologous chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make
Tetrads
4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis
Haploid = one set of chromosomes

28. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis?
Why is this important?

29. During Prophase I
Important
for
GENETIC
DIVERSITY!!

30. X X X X X X X X Diploid Parent SsTt What are the four possible
combinations for the haploid
cells?

31. l l l l X X T t S S ST S s St X X l l l l t T T s t s sT st

32. What is this picture called?
What 4 things are shown from this picture?

33. What is this called? Karyotype
Shows:
Autosomes = all chromosomes # chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes)
Sex Chromosomes
(XX= female or XY= male) # 23 pair
Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other
Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females)

34. What is non-disjunction?

35. Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs don’t separate properly during Meiosis I
Can involve all types of chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)

36. What chromosomal disorder is this on the #21 pair?

37. Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
#21

38. What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome?
XXY

39. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
XXY

40. What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome?XO

41. Turner’s Syndrome XO

42. Who determines the sex of the offspring?
Mother or Father
Why?
What is probability of getting a girl? A boy?

43. determines sex of offspring
Father
determines sex of offspring
He provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl
50% chance of Boy % chance of Girl

44. What is this picture called?
What do each of the shapes and shading combinations represent?
How many generations are shown?

45. Normal Male
Normal Female
Female with Trait
Carrier Female
Male with Trait
Carrier Male
Line = Marriage
Pedigree Chart = shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
3 Generations

46. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Be able to describe the differences between:
Meiosis and Mitosis
Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages between:
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

47. Somatic Cells – all body cells
Mitosis
Meiosis
Somatic Cells – all body cells
Sex Cells - gametes
2 cells are made
4 cells are made
Diploid
Haploid
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Advantages
No mate needed for reproduction
Very fast reproduction time
Lots of organisms
GENETIC DIVERSITY!
Disadvantages
All organisms are alike,
No Genetic Diversity
Need a mate for reproduction
Slower reproduction time
Fewer organisms

48. female carrier x male colorblind
Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits?
XBXb x XbY
female carrier x male colorblind ? XB Xb
XBXb
XbXb Y
XBY
XbY ?
Phenotypes:
1 Female/Carrier
1 Female/Colorblind
1 Male/Normal
1 Male/Colorblind

49. female carrier x male colorblind Sex-linked traits only carried on X
Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits?
Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness
XBXb x XbY
female carrier x male colorblind XB Xb
XBXb
XbXb Y
XBY
XbY
Phenotypes:
1 Female/Carrier
1 Female/Colorblind
1 Male/Normal
1 Male/Colorblind
Sex-linked traits only carried on X
Y doesn’t carry traits

50. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:
Allele
Gametes
Genes
Genetics
Karyotype
Pedigree
Probability
Punnett Square

51. Allele- Different forms of a gene
Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm)
Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits
Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation
Karyotype- Picture of all chromosomes matched up - looking for sex and the presence of abnormal # of chromosomes
Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation
Probability - Chance of something happening
Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

52. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:
Dominant
Recessive
Genotype
Phenotype
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Trait
Homologous

53. Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait
Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait
Genotype – Genetic makeup of organism (letters)
Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks
Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr)
Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr)
Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature)
Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes

54. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms:
Co-dominance
Incomplete dominance
Diploid
Haploid
Independent Assortment
Non-disjunction
Segregation

55. Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY
Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits
Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes
Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance
Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate
Segregation – Separation of alleles

56. Understand which is the P, F1, F2 generations and how you get each.

57. Incomplete Dominance Cross
Know how to do the following types of crosses:
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Incomplete Dominance Cross
Sex-linked Cross
Must show key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

58. Doing the different types of Punnett Squares!