1. Ch 14 and 15 General Review
Environmental

2. For what purposes do we use land?
Farming, mining, recreation, building cities and roads.

3. Land that is covered mainly with buildings and roads.
Urban land

4. An area that contains 2500 or more people and has a governing body.
Urban area

5. Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space.
Rural area

6. Land used to graze livestock and wildlife.
Rangeland

7. Land used for harvesting wood, wildlife, fish, nuts, and other resources.
Forest land

8. Land used to grow plants for food and fiber.
cropland

9. Land used for recreation and scenic enjoyment and for preserving native animal and plant communities and ecosystems.
Parks and Preserves

10. Land that is difficult to use for human purposes.
Wetlands, mountains, and deserts

11. What is the percentage of land that is used for cropland in the United States?
20%

12. What is the percentage of land that is used for range and pasture land in the United States?
26%

13. What is the percentage of urban land in the US?6%

14. Each person in a developed country uses the ecosystem services provided by about _____ hectares of land and water. 8

15. The movement of people from rural areas to cities is known as ___________.
Urbanization

16. How is a metropolitan area defined by the US census bureau?
Small towns that grow together to form larger urban areas.

17. How can a rapidly increasing population overwhelm infrastructure?
Traffic jams, substandard housing, polluted air and water. The growth rate may increase faster than the ability to add infrastructure.

18. What is the infrastructure for a city?
Roads, sewers, railroads, bridges, canals, police stations, schools, hospitals, water mains, power lines….etc

19. The rapid expansion of a city into the countryside around the city.
Urban sprawl

20. Land that is poorly suited for building
Land that is poorly suited for building. (slopes of mtns, landslide areas, floodplains)
Marginal land

21. The increased temperature in a city.
Heat island

22. What methods may city planners utilize to reduce the heat island effect?
Plant trees for shade. Install rooftops that reflect rather than retain heat.

23. Determining in advance how land will be used.
Land use planning

24. A computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing geographic data.
GIS geographic information system

25. Open spaces in urban areas left in their natural condition
Open spaces in urban areas left in their natural condition. These include parks, public gardens, and hiking trails.
greenbelts

26. Allowing more animals to graze in an area than the range can support.
Overgrazing

27. Land that supports different vegetation types like grasslands, shrublands, and deserts and that is not used for farming or timber production.
rangeland

28. Why was the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978 enacted?
To improve land management practices.
To improve the quantity of vegetation in rangeland.

29. What is the average amount of wood used by each person in the world each day?
1800 cubic cm per day

30. In developing countries, how many people depend on firewood as their main source of fuel?
About 1.5 billion

31. How does the timber industry classify forest lands?
Virgin forest, native forest, tree farms

32. Forest that has never been cut.
Virgin forest

33. Forest that is planted and managed.
Native forest

34. Areas where trees are planted in rows and harvested like crops.
Tree farms

35. What are the two most widely used methods of harvesting trees?
Clear cutting and selective cutting

36. The clearing of trees from an area without replacing them.
deforestation

37. An area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports are protected from all exploitation.
wilderness

38. What is a disadvantage of selective cutting?
It is more expensive because lumberjacks may not be able to get their heavy equipment around the other trees.

39. Why did crops fail in Ethiopia in 1985?
Lack of rain, loss of soil, and war

40. Widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food.
famine

41. The amount of energy that is available in food is expressed in ___________.
calories

42. What are the major nutrients that we get from food?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

43. A condition that occurs when people do not consume enough calories or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill all of the body’s needs.
malnutrition

44. The type and amount of food that a person eats.
diet

45. __________ are produced in the greatest amounts worldwide.
grains

46. People in more developed countries tend to eat more _______ and ______ than people eat in less developed countries.
Protein, fats

47. In the US, almost half of all calories people consume come from _______, ______, and ________.
Meat, fish, and oil

48. The amount of food that can be produced in a given area.
yield

49. The world’s farmers produce enough grain to feed up to _____ billion people an adequate vegetarian diet. 10

50. The world’s hungry are nearly all _______ ______ and ______ _______.
Farm workers subsistence farmers

51. Farmers who grow only enough food for local use.
Subsistence farmers

52. How is extreme poverty defined?
An income of less than $1 per day.

53. Where do the world’s hungry live?
Africa, Asia, and the Mountains of South America
Asia…..China and India

54. Between 1950 and 1970, Mexico increased its production of wheat ______-______ and _____ doubled its production of rice, without increasing the area of farmland used.
Eight-fold India

55. What was the cause of the green revolution?
New varieties of grain

56. The surface layer of soil.
topsoil

57. How does soil form?
Rock breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces by wind, water, and chemical weathering.

58. The movement of rock and soil by wind and water.
erosion

59. In the past 200 years, _______ of the original topsoil has been lost to erosion.
half

60. The process by which land in arid or semiarid areas becomes less capable of growing crops.
desertification

61. What farming methods are used to prevent soil erosion?
Terracing, countour planting, no till farming, and drip irrigation

62. How can you tell the difference between young and old soil?
Young soil has larger particle sizes. Old soil contains clay.

63. How does organic fertilizer differ from inorganic fertilizer?
Organic fertilizers are made of leaves and manure. Inorganic fertilizers contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

64. Partly decomposed organic material.
compost

65. The accumulation of salts in the soil.
salination

66. How can the salination of land be slowed or reduced?
Irrigation canals are lined to prevent water from seeping into the soil.
The soil is watered heavily to wash out salts.

67. In North America, insects eat about ______ percent of all crops.13

68. What are three examples of crop pests?
Weeds, plant eating insects, fungi

69. Chemicals used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop pests.
pesticides

70. The ability of a pest to survive exposure to a particular pesticide.
resistance

71. What are the changes to humans from pesticide use?
Increased cancer rates, nervous system disorders

72. Pesticides that do not break down rapidly into harmless chemicals.
Persistent Pesticides

73. The use of living organisms to control pests.
Biological Pest Control

74. Organisms that cause disease.
pathogens

75. A chemical that interferes with some stage of a pest’s life cycle.
Growth regulator

76. Chemicals produced by one organism that affect the behavior of another organism.
pheromones

77. What is an example of a cultivation control?
Vacuuming insects off of plants

78. Why do farmers save the seeds from the best fruits and vegetables for the next crop?
They are more likely to contain the genes for pest resistance.

79. Plants that result from genetic engineering.
GM plants genetically modified

80. Animals that are bred and managed for human use.
domesticated

81. Catching or removing from a population more organisms than the population can replace.
overharvesting

82. The raising of aquatic organisms for human use or consumption.
aquaculture

83. Domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit.
livestock

84. Why is the percentage of seafood produced by aquaculture increasing so rapidly?
Overharvesting is reducing the amount of fish in the oceans. 20% of the animal protein consumed comes from fish. Aquaculture can provide a large amount of food in a shorter time.