1. Lighting Technologies Applications Energy Consumption
MAE 406 / 589
John Rees, PE, CEM
Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM
September 26, 2011

2. LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS

3. World’s Oldest Light Bulb – Burning (almost continuously) Since 1901

4. The 3 Pillars of Energy Efficient Lighting
Visual Task
Visual Task
WATTS
LUMENS
F O O T C A N D L E S
Meet target light
levels
Efficiently produce
and deliver light
Automatically
control lighting
operation
Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar! 4 4

5. Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination
Light Output
Measured at the lamp surface.
Measured in lumens.
Illuminance or Light Level.
Measured at the working surface.
Measured in foot-candles.
Luminance or Brightness.
Measured at an angle to the working surface.
Measured in footlamberts.

6. Targeted Illumination Levels
Targeted illumination level is determined by:
Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size).
Ages of the occupants.
Importance of speed and accuracy.
Example of (Potential) Over Illumination: Textile Mills.
Fluorescent Fixtures using
High Output (2x output of standard).
Very High Output (3x output of standard).

7. Recommended Illumination Levels
Activity
Illumination Foot-candles
Offices: Average Reading and Writing
50-75
Offices: Hallways
10-20
Offices: Rooms with Computers
20-50
Auditoriums / Assembly Places
15-30
Hospitals: General Areas
10-15
Labs / Treatment areas
50-100
Libraries
30-100
Schools
30-150
NCSU GUIDELINES

8. Quality of Illumination
Quality of illumination may affect worker productivity.
Quality is affected by:
Glare. Too bright.
Uniformity of illumination.
Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best = daylight).
Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.
Measured in degrees kelvin is warm (yellowish); 5000 is cool or “daylight”.

9. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source.
CRI = Excellent color rendition
CRI = Very Good color rendition
CRI = Good color rendition
CRI = Fair color rendition
0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

10. Color Rendition cool source is used enhancing blues and greens
warm light source is used, enhancing reds and oranges
neutral light source is used
Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index (CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.

11. Color Temperature (K˚)
A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source.
≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum
≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum
3500K = “neutral”
5000K = “Daylight”

12. Color Temperature Scale
North Sky K
Color Temperature Scale
Daylight Fluo K
Cool White K
Halogen – 3100K
Warm White K
Incandescent – 2700K
HPS K 12

13. Efficiency
Lighting efficiency (efficacy) is expressed as lumens output/wattage input.
Ranges from 4 to 200 lumens/watt.
Measures how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy into light.
Similar to mpg.

14. Lamp Efficiencies Lamp Efficiency Lamp Type (lumens/watt) Incandescent
Lamp
Efficiency
Lamp Type
(lumens/watt)
Incandescent
Halogen
Halogen HIR™
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent
Linear Fluorescent
LED
Metal Halide
Ceramic Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Low Pressure Sodium

15. Lamp Lumen Depreciation - LLD
As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of output.
Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of output over their life.
New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of original lumens.
This depreciation must be accounted for when installing new lighting system.
Depreciation is also a result of dirt accumulation

16. Lamp Lumen Depreciation

17. Typical Lamp Life Incandescent 1-2,000 hrs Halogen 2-3,000 hrs CFL
Sodium
24,000+ hrs
Metal Halide
Mercury
20-24,000+ hrs
Fluorescent
,000 hrs
Induction
100,000 hrs
LED

18. LIGHTING TYPES

19. Luminaires Luminaire = Lighting fixture
Lamps
Lamp sockets
Ballasts
Reflective material
Lenses, refractors, louvers
Housing
Directs the light using reflecting and shielding surfaces.
LUMINAIRE IS THE IES (ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY) DESIGNATION FOR FIXTURES.
KEY IS THAT THE LUMINAIRE AFFECTS HOW THE LUMENS GENERATED ARE DIRECTED AND DISTRIBUTED.

20. Luminaires (cont’d) Luminaire Efficiency
Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually exits the fixture
Types of luminaires
Direct (general illumination).
Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall washers”).
Spot/Accent lighting.
Task Lighting.
Outdoor/Flood Lights.

21. Typical Linear Fluorescent Fixture – Direct Note “cave effect”

22. Typical Linear Fluorescent Fixture – Indirect More uniform distribution
INDIRECT LIGHTING AT 60% OF FOOT-CANDLES OF DIRECT IS AS EFFECTIVE AS DIRECT.

23. Types of Lighting Incandescents/Halogens. Fluorescents.
High Intensity Discharge (HID).
Inductive.
Light Emitting Diode.
MOST COMMON:
INCANDESCENT
FLUORESCENT
HID – HPS AND METAL HALIDE
LED MAKING MAJOR INROADS

24. Incandescent Lamps One of the oldest electric lighting technologies.
Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament.
Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt).
Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
NOTE THAT EFFICIENCY IS FROM 4 TO 24 LUMENS / WATT

25. Incandescent Lamps (cont’d)
High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)
Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
Inexpensive
Excellent beam control
Easily dimmed – no ballast needed
Immediate off and on
No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors
100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away in 2012 per 2007 law
COLORS ARE WARM – USED IN HIGH END RETAIL
BIG ADVANTAGE FOR DIMMING
HOWEVER, LED IS ALSO DIMMABLE WITH STANDARD BALLASTS

26. Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps
A type of incandescent lamp.
Encloses the tungsten filament in a quartz capsule filled with halogen gas.
Halogen gas combines with the vaporized tungsten and redeposits it on the filament.
More efficient.
Lasts longer (up to 6,000 hrs.)
ADVANTAGES OVER STANDARD INCANDESCENT
SLIGHTLY MORE EFFICIENT 10% to 20% LESS ENERGY THAN STANDARD INCAND
LONGER LIFE

27. Fluorescent Lamps Most common commercial lighting technology.
High Efficacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.
Most common fluorescent lamps.
T12: 1.5 inch in diameter million, or 63% of fluorescents in the U.S. are still T12
T8: 1 inch in diameter.
~30% more efficient than T12.
T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.
~40% more efficient than T12.
Improvements have been made in the last 15 years.
T5s MINIMUM 20 FT HEIGHT
T8s USE ABOUT 1/5 THE ENERGY THAT INCANDESCENTS DO
NOTE THAT 63% OF LAMPS IN THE U.S. ARE T12

28. Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
Configurations
Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)
Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft. fixture).
Circular (rare, obsolete).
Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1 lamp per fixture.
Output Categories
Standard Output (430 mA).
High Output (800 mA).
Very High Output (1,500 mA).

29. Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp
Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode

30. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Fluorescent lamp that is small in size (~2 in. diameter, 3 to 5 in. in length).
Developed as replacement for incandescent lamps.
Two Main Types
Ballast-integrated.
Ballast non-integrated (allows only lamp to be replaced).

31. Compact Fluorescent
Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent
Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
Long Life (generally 10,000 hours –
lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)
Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)
Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology
GREATEST ADVANTAGES:
HIGHER EFFICIENCY
LONGER LIFE, ABOUT 10,000 HOURS
BEST $$ OVER THE LIFE WHEN ENERGY COSTS CONSIDERED
INSTANT START – CAN BE USED WITH OCCUPANCY SENSORS
GOOD CRI
DISADVANTAGES:
DIFFICULT TO DIM
MORE COSTLY THAN INCANDESCENT
MOST HAVE A 60 SECOND WARM-UP TIME

32. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
Use ¼ the power of an incandescent for an equivalent amount of light. (an 18-watt CFL is equivalent to a 75-watt incandescent.)
10,000 hour life. (10x an incandescent).
Saves about $30 over the life of the CFL.

33. Ballasts Auxiliary component that performs 3 functions:
Provides higher starting voltage.
Provides operating voltage.
Limits operating current.
Old type ballasts were electromagnetic.
New ballasts are electronic.
Lighter, less noisy, no lamp flicker, dimming capability).
HOW TO DETERMINE IF A BALLAST IS ELECTRONIC OR MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC BALLASTS WILL NO LONGER BE ABLE TO BE PRODUCED AS OF 2012
ELECTRONIC ADVANTAGES:
LONGER LIFE THAN MAGNETIC
ELIMINATES THE FLICKER

34. Ballast Factor
DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output
( ) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in
( ) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output
( ) AND energy consumption
For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.
Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.
FIXTURE WATTAGE INPUT IS NORMALLY PROPORTIONAL TO BALLAST FACTOR
NOTE – THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

35. Ballast Circuit Types
Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten lamp life.
Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4 watts more than an instant start ballast.
Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; starting current heats the filament prior to starting, then cuts off during operation.
PROGRAMMED START BEST FOR OCCUPANCY SENSORS WITH MORE ON/OFF
PROGRAMMED START SLIGHTLY MORE WATTAGE THAN INSTANT START
INSTANT START DEGRADES MORE WITH STOPS AND STARTS

36. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

37. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures

38. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina (ceramic) arc tube filled with special gases.

39. High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)
Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases and metal salts.
HID lamps are used in industrial high bay applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parking decks, street lights.
Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up to full light after power outage.
ADVANTAGES
EFFICIENT, ESPECIALLY ELECTRONIC PULSE START
DISADVANTAGES

40. High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)
Types of HIDs
Mercury Vapor (obsolete)
Sodium Vapor
High pressure
Low pressure
Metal Halide
Arc tube contains argon, mercury, and metal halides.
Gives better color temperature and CRI.
MOST COMMON ARE:
OLD MERCURY VAPOR – BLUE/GREEN
HPS – YELLOWISH – POOR CRI BUT HIGH EFFICIENCY.
GOOD FOR SECURITY LIGHTING WHERE COLOR RENDITION IS NOT IMPORTANT
METAL HALIDE – GOOD CRI
BIGGEST DRAWBACK START AND RESTART DELAY

41. Metal Halide Lamps Most common HID in use today. Recent Improvements.
Allow higher pressure & temperature.
Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen maintenance.
Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.
MOST COMMON ARE:
OLD MERCURY VAPOR – BLUE/GREEN
HPS – YELLOWISH – POOR CRI BUT HIGH EFFICIENCY.
GOOD FOR SECURITY LIGHTING WHERE COLOR RENDITION IS NOT IMPORTANT
METAL HALIDE – GOOD CRI
BIGGEST DRAWBACK START AND RESTART DELAY

42. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Latest Lighting Technology.
Invented in 1962.
In the past, used as indicator lights, automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.
LED is a semiconductor technology.
Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine with holes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.

43. Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d)
Lower energy consumption.
Longer lifetime (50,000 to 100,000 hrs).
Smaller size.
Faster switching.
Greater durability and reliability.
Cycling.
Dimming.
VERY DIRECTIONAL AND THEREFORE VERY EFFICIENT

44. LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft. Fluorescent Fxture
THERE IS A TRIAL ON NCSU CAMPUS IN THE HALLWAY OF A DORM NEAR FOUNTAIN DINING HALL

45. Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent Lamp
EverLED-TR
Popular T8 Brand Fluorescent
Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8
22W
34W
Lumens, initial
Equivalent
2850
CRI 85
Color Temperature
5000K
Life Expectancy 12 hrs per start / 3 hrs per start
  10 years/
10 years
  hours/
16000 hours
Light output at 0° C
20% increase
50% decrease

46. LED Applications Successfully used today for many markets
Signs & Traffic signals (most common)
Displays (change colors for attention)
Exit Signs (most common)
Vehicle Indicators
Flashlights
Under Counter & Coves
Accent
Parking Garage & Outdoor
Downlights
Food Freezers

47. LED vs. HPS
NOTE THE SUPERIOR COLOR RENDITION OF THE LED 47

48. Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide
Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W
METAL HALIDE USES 6 TIMES AS MUCH ENERGY AS THE LED
Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W 48 48 48

49. Induction Lights
Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic fields.
Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;
High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt [higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;
Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;
“Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long lifespan.

50. Induction Lighting
Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Advantages:
QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each day will last 20 years!
Good for hard to maintain locations
Disadvantages:
Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it inefficient for delivered and task lumens
Expensive - $200+ adder to HID
No industry standards for Induction
DON’T SEE A LOT OF THIS TECHNOLOGY

51. Induction Applications
Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or difficult
24 hour a day, 7 day a week applications
Bridges
Low Bay Industrial
Select Outdoor Lighting Applications
Long burning hour applications
BIGGEST ADVANTAGE – LONG LIFE FOR DIFFICULT MAINTENANCE LOCATIONS

52. Exit Signs
Old incandescent exit signs used (2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.
At $0.08/kWh, energy cost for 1 sign = $28/yr.
CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts
Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to $8.50/yr.
LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts
energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to $4/yr.
Photoluminescent sign uses 0 watts, but may have (slightly) radioactive material.
New technology claims completely non-toxic and recyclable.
INCANDESCENT USES ABOUT 6 TIMES AS MUCH ENERGY AS LED

53. Outdoor Lighting Older technology for outdoor lighting
High pressure sodium
Metal Halide
Newer technology
Compact fluorescents
LEDs
NOTE: Solar street lights offer significant savings by eliminating costly electric conduit and cable runs
SIDE NOTE:
SOLAR CAN PAY FOR ITSELF BY ELIMINATING COSTLY WIRING

54. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

55. Hazardous Waste Disposal
Hazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the Federal Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials, such as batteries and pesticides
State Rule supersedes Federal Rule
Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps (fluorescent, HID) may be hazardous waste
The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is hazardous.

56. Mercury Content of Lamps
TYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS
250 watt Metal Halide lamp 38 mg
250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp 15 mg
Pre 1988 T12 Fluorescent 45 mg
Post 1988 T12 Fluorescent 12 mg
Typical T8 Fluorescent Tube 4-5 mg
Typical Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 4-5 mg
4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent lamp.
Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!
EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury into the environment.
EPA encourages lamp recycling

57. LIGHTING ECONOMICS Simple Payback Return on Investment (ROI)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)
MOST PRIVATE CORPORATIONS REQUIRE 2 YEAR OR LESS PAYBACK

58. SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS
Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point.
Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.
For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year payback.
Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private companies.
SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS

59. Return on Investment - ROI
ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the time value of money and also it does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point. It is sometimes called Rate of Return.
ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared to other investment yields.

60. Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)
IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of return at which a project’s NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cycle cash flows and time-value of money, but the percentages alone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well.
IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value of zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressed as an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less than the IRR for a project is a “yes” decision (i.e. the IRR is greater than the cost of capital).

61. Net Present Value ($)
NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one lighting alternative over another. The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.

62. Example: Simple Payback & ROI
A lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a year and cost $25,000. What are the simple payback and return on investment (ROI)?
Simple payback = Cost / Annual Savings
= $25,000 / $5,000
= 5 years
ROI = 1 / Simple Payback
= 1/5
= 20%

63. Example: Energy & Cost Savings
Existing lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists of 10 fixtures containing ten 4’, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that consume 154 watts of electrical power. At $0.09/kWh, what is the annual cost of operating these fixtures 2,000 hours a year?
10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 3,080 kWh
3,080 x $0.09 = $2,772 per year
These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt T8 lamps with low BF ballasts which only consume 89 watts per fixture. What is the annual cost of operation?
10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 1,780 kWh
1,780 x $0.09 = $1,602 per year
Cost savings = $1,170 per year

64. Other Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
Longer Lamp Life
Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
Adjust to target light levels (IES)
Improved Controls
HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions
Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs

65. HVAC Savings from a Lighting Retrofit
1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
A cost when heating is on
Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

66. Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY =>
T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems In U.S. today 63% are still T12
Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Halogen
Probe Start Metal Halide
and Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls
NEW TECHNOLOGY
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen, CFL, & LED
Metal Halide, CFL, and LED
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide, T8 or T5 Fluorescent
LED
Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

67. Ballast Factor
DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination
APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output
( ) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in
( ) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output
( ) AND energy consumption
Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.

68. LIGHTING CONTROLS

69. Types of Lighting Controls
Occupancy Sensors
Bi-level Switching
Time Clock
Photo Sensors
Dimmers
Lighting Control Systems
Building Management Systems

70. Occupancy Sensors
Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied.
Ceiling or Wall Mounted.
Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay.
Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation.
Wireless technology is available.
Ultrasonic, Infrared, Dual-Technology.

71. Ultrasonic Sensors
Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflected ultrasonic frequency pattern
Line-of-sight is not required if hard surfaces exist in enclosed space
Most sensitive to motion toward/away from sensor
Sensitive to air movement vibration

72. Ultrasonic Wall Sensor
Automatic Control
Use in areas where there are
large periods of unoccupied time
Excellent for bi-level control to
maximize energy savings
Does not require direct line of sight
Adjust sensitivity and time delay
for best results

73. Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones.
Line-of-sight is required (30’ max).
Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance.
Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor.
Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers.

74. Dual-Technology Sensors
Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing technologies
Typical operation settings:
IR and US signals for lights to turn on
IR or US signals for lights to stay on
Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off

75. Energy Savings Potential With Occupancy Sensors
Application Energy Savings
Offices (Private) %
Offices (Open Spaces) %
Rest Rooms %
Corridors %
Storage Areas %
Meeting Rooms %
Conference Rooms %
Warehouses %
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Savings can be determined with data
logger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks

76. Warehouse Lighting with Occupancy Sensors
Each fixture is controlled by its own occupancy sensor.

77. Bi- and Multi-Level Switching
Top shows switching for 50% of lamps on.
Bottom shows switching for 1, 2, or 3-lamp operation.

78. Photo Sensors Turn lights off when daylight is adequate.
Outdoor lighting.
Dusk to dawn.
Indoor lighting
Dims lights as daylight increases.
Can work with occupancy sensors.

79. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COST SAVINGS
Lighting energy savings are possible while improving lighting comfort.

80. Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space
Less Maintenance
Adjust to target light levels (IES)
Longer Lamp Life
Improved Controls
HVAC Savings
Tax Incentives
Incentive from Utility Rebate Programs

81. HID Upgrade to Fluorescent Lamps
400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input
6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts

82. Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent-4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

83. New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures

84. Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY =>
T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems
Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Halogen
Probe Start Metal Halide
and Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls
NEW TECHNOLOGY
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR, MH & LED
Metal Halide and LED
Pulse Start and
Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

85. Fluorescent Change-out
Existing: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F34T12CWES lamps and EE magnetic ballasts – lowest efficiency allowed by code today.
Replacement: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F32T8/835 lamps and electronic ballasts BF=0.88 (standard BF)
What is wrong with this energy efficient change-out?

86. We did not use correct new technology to Maximize Energy Savings and meet target light levels!
Best options for replacing 34-watt T12 fluorescent systems:
Low Power electronic ballasts (BF=0.78)
Energy saving 4’ lamps (30,28, or 25w)
Fewer lamps per fixture (3 instead of 4)
Minimal additional cost and can Lock-in maximum energy savings with low power ballasts and fewer lamps per fixture
Use with Extra Performance or Energy Savings lamps ad correct ballast factor to meet target light levels and maximize energy savings!

87. “Super T8” Fluorescent System
Older T8s called “700 series”
Newer Super T8s called “800 series”
3000K, 3500K, or 4100K versions
30,000 to 40,000 hour lamp life.
initial lumens
Universal Voltage ( V)
4-foot lamp: 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)
95% lumen 8000 hours
Low Temperature Starting (0˚F)
Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years
85 CRI
Program Start Ballasts
TCLP-compliant

88. Instant Start Super T8 vs. Standard T8
800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with standard ballasts
19% reduction in power
Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)
Maximum life on occupancy sensors

89. 25 Watt T8 Advantage Long Life Lamp from Philips Lighting
Also available from General Electric, Sylvania, Westinghouse, others.
Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Programmed Start Ballasts)
2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance
Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)
Low mercury (Philips ALTO® lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001 industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP compliant) 1.7 mg Mercury per 4’ lamp

90. Fluorescent Lamp/Ballast Change-out vs. New Fixture “Rules of Thumb”
Install new fixtures when:
Existing fixtures are over 20 years old
Lamp holders are worn out
Multiple components are failing
Design requires change in fixture type
Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:
Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old
Lamp holders and other components are still good
Budget is very tight
Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present
(i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)

91. T5 and T5HO Systems
T5s are used for high bay (>25 ft. applications).
One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps
(4750 vs maintained lumens)
Maintained lumens are higher – fixtures are smaller
Peak light output at 95˚F ambient air temperature instead of 77˚F with
T8 and T12
Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!

92. T5 and T5HO Systems Disadvantages
T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s
The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.
Costs higher than T8 – cost can be balanced by a reduction in the number of luminaries used.
Lead times may be longer – T5s require compete fixture replacement.
In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may not perform well (peak light output at 95 °F).
May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up with cold start.

93. T5HO vs. T8 Application Rules of Thumb
≤ 20’ – use T8
≥ 20’ – use T5 or T5HO
18’ to 25’ – either T8 or T5s can be used successfully
Over 50 types of 4’ T8 lamps available
Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO
To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use high-lumen/high performance
T8 lamps
Typical T8 electronic ballast factors range from 0.72 to 1.2.

94. T5HO vs. T8 for Warehouse Aisles Rule of Thumb
In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-air-conditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.
Reason: Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is 35 degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).
Source: Warehouse aisle lighting – p. 16 – LD&A Feb 2009-
article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES

95. HVAC Savings from Lighting Retrofit
1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
A cost when heating is on
Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

96. An Increase in Quality Can Improve Worker Productivity
1% increase in productivity is about equal to one sick day
Improve employee satisfaction and reduce turnover/replacement expenses
for new employees.
Improves Company bottom line
Indirect Lighting is preferred by many today!

97. What’s the Most Efficient Light Source?

98. Daylighting Advantages
Excellent light source for almost all interior spaces – offices, homes, retail, schools and more; People prefer it!
Field research indicates that with daylighting:
Learning is enhanced
Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart study)
Employee satisfaction increases
Energy Savings is realized when controls are used (photo sensors).

99. Conducting a Lighting Survey
Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? – to identify improvement opportunities. It is a systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.
Step 1 – Establish a base line of performance
Step 2 – Identify opportunities for improvement
Step 3 – Calculate savings and potential payback
The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on steps 2 and 3

100. Instruments Top: Light Meter Bottom: Ballast Discriminator
Measures lumens (ft.-candles).
Bottom: Ballast Discriminator
Indicates whether a fixture has a electronic or electromagmetic ballast.

101. Suggestions for a Lighting Survey
Ask the right questions to meet the client’s goals
Gather ALL the right information
Don’t assume – check the existing equipment to obtain accurate information
Determine Economic Calculations Required
Is a test installation needed?
Lighting Fixtures
Controls
Consider all drivers to reduce the payback
Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template

102. Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey
Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available
Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year
Tasks being performed in each area – Talk to occupants in the area
Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and control of fixtures in each space
Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space
Circuit Voltage
Exit signs (light source)
Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the level and quality of lighting
Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.

103. Lighting Survey Results
Baseline: current lighting energy use (typical lighting energy = 0.5 to 1.5 watts per sq. ft.)
Recommendations for Lighting Upgrades.
Estimated Costs with Incentives/Rebates.
Energy and Cost Savings. Bottom Line: Payback Period.

104. LEGISLATION AFFECTING THE USE OF LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

105. Energy Legislation and Incentive Programs for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Energy Policy Act of 2005 – EPAct 2005
North Carolina Tax Credits
North Carolina Senate Bill 3 – Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
Utility Incentives – Progress Energy, Duke Energy
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009, ARRA or Stimulus Package
NC Greenpower

106. Highlights of the Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005
30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000
Does not apply to pool heating systems
30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and insulation.
Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for total energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.
Tax deductions up to $0.60 per sq. ft. for lighting efficiency improvements.

107. EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions
The Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a tax deduction of up to $1.80/ft2 for energy efficiency in commercial buildings. Systems covered include:
Interior lighting systems Max. $0.60/ft2
Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems Max. $0.60/ft2
Building envelope Max. $0.60/ft2

108. EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions
To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following must be met:
Surpass the ASHRAE LPD Standard
Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the Standard must be met.
Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels as set forth in the 9th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook.
Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify

109. EPAct 2005 Critical Dates and Proposed Increase in Tax Deduction
For commercial (for profit) enterprise
Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.
Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to $3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).

110. NC Tax Credit Summary
110

111. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)
President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07
Lighting Sections include:
Sec. 321 – Efficient Light Bulbs
Sec. 322 – Incandescent Reflector Lamp
Efficiency Standards
Sec. 324 – Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures
Sec. 65 – Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes

112. Maximum Wattages and Efficiency Requirements
There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as a new maximum wattage.
Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by , with larger lamps covered first.
Compliance: Today’s typical incandescent and halogen general service screw-base lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.

113. Dates and Lamps to be Phased Out
Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:
January 1, 2012 – 100W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2013 – 75W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2014 – 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2020 – All general purpose lamps must be a minimum of 45 lumens/watt (similar to current CFLs). Some exceptions allowed (specialty bulbs).

114. Better Use of Light Bulbs Act - 2011
Legislation introduced to repeal the EISA lamp efficiency requirements.
Jobs lost to China.
Mercury in CFLs.
Did not pass in July 2011.
Issue has become politically-charged.

115. Super Incandescents?
GE just announced "advancements to the light bulb that potentially will elevate the energy efficiency of this 125-year-old technology to levels comparable to compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), delivering significant environmental benefits. Over the next several years, these advancements will lead to the introduction of high-efficiency incandescent lamps that provide the same high light quality, brightness and color as current incandescent lamps while saving energy and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions." The bulbs will come out at 30 lumens per watt (twice a conventional incandescent) and top out at 60 lumens per watt.
From ;

116. Effective 7/14/2012 - less than 1 year away
DOE 2009 Ruling
Effective 7/14/ less than 1 year away
These lamps will be obsolete:
Majority of F40T12 and F34T12 ES 4-ft. lamps
Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12 ES 2-ft. U-lamps
All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps
All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps
All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires 2850 to pass)
Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamps

117. Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent - 4’ and 8’ Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

118. New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures

119. North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3) Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources. Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency.
Solar PV
Solar Thermal
Wind
Hydroelectric
Wave Energy
Biomass
Landfill Gas (LFG)
Waste Heat from
Renewables
Hydrogen from Renewables
UTILITIES HAVE RESPONDED WITH SIGNIFICANT INCENTIVES IN THE AREAS OF LIGHTING, HVAC, MOTORS
UTILITIES HAVE SOLICITED PROPOSALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH LIMITED SUCCESS.
READ THE FINE PRINT

120. * Renewable Portfolio Standards 29 states & DC have an RPS †
/ November 2009
WA: 15% by 2020*
ME: 30% by 2000
New RE: 10% by 2017
VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
MN: 25% by 2025
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
MT: 15% by 2015
NH: 23.8% by 2025
ND: 10% by 2015
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*
MA: 15% by % annual increase (Class I Renewables)
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
SD: 10% by 2015
WI: Varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal
NY: 24% by 2013
RI: 16% by 2020
NV: 25% by 2025*
CT: 23% by 2020
IA: 105 MW
OH: 25% by 2025†
CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
PA: 18% by 2020†
WV: 25% by 2025*†
IL: 25% by 2025
NJ: 22.5% by 2021
CA: 33% by 2020
UT: 20% by 2025*
KS: 20% by 2020
VA: 15% by 2025*
MD: 20% by 2022
MO: 15% by 2021
AZ: 15% by 2025
DE: 20% by 2019*
NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
DC: 20% by 2020
NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
29 states & DC have an RPS
6 states have goals
HI: 40% by 2030
State renewable portfolio standard
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement *
State renewable portfolio goal
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables †
Solar water heating eligible
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
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