1. The Persian Gulf and Interior.
Chapter 19
The Persian Gulf and Interior.

2. Section 1 Objectives: Natural Resources
●Identify the landforms and rivers of the Persian Gulf area and interior Southwest Asia.
●Explain the effect the region’s geography has on its climates and biomes.
●Identify the region’s natural resources.

3. List all the counties discussed in this chapter.

4. What area, “famous as the cradle of civilization”, is located here?
Mesopotamia  Greek for “between the rivers”
Tigris and Euphrates, flow into one channel known as the Shatt al Arab.

5. Where is the extension of the Himalayans located? What is it called?
Location : Northeastern Afghanistan
Name: Hindu Kush
This is where bin Laden was hiding.
Picture of Hindu Kush

6. Where are the more humid areas of this region located? Why?
Elburz Mountains & Caspian Sea
Zagros Mountains
Due to the orographic effect areas on the windward sides of mountains get more moisture allowing more plants to grow.
Location
Why

7. In the summer what happens with the temperature in the desert?
In the day it can climb as high as 114F & the night time temperature can be as low as 30F. This is due to a lack of moisture in the air

8. What is plant life like in this region?
Grasses
Shrubs
Trees in dry river bends
Usually are small and thin
Plants have had to adapt to limited amounts of water, by storing water.

9. What are some animals that once roamed this area?
Gazelles
Wild goats
Wild Camels
Wild Donkeys
Hyenas
Leopards
Lions
Tigers
Name 3 more reptiles.
Lions having lunch!

10. What are animals that are there now?
Domesticated Camels
Domesticated Donkeys
Lizards
Poisonous Snakes

11. What are the 2 most important resources in this area?
Oil and Water.
Why are these so important to the region?

12. How does this region get freshwater?
Rivers (Tigris & Euphrates)
Canals
Rain
Oasis
Wells( ground & fossil water)
Saltwater (Desalinization)
This is expensive

13. Section 2 Objectives
●Describe how peoples, empires, and Islam have affected the history of the Persian Gulf area and interior Southwest Asia.
●Identify the major features of the region’s cultures.

14. Who controlled this region before the Persians & Greeks?
Persian Empire
550BC  Marked the beginning of their occupation
Conquered Mesopotamia & Asia Minor with the use of troops and advanced weapons
Located the center of their empire in Persia or what is now present day Iran.

15. Give vital facts about Islam
Founded by Muhammad
At the age of 40, while in Mecca, the Angel Gabriel to him to preach the word of Allah (God)
Wrote down the message in a book known as the Koran (Qur’an)
He was forced from Mecca & would later settle in Medina
After his death, Islam would spread to Spain in less that 100 years

16. Islam history and teachings

17. Trace the road to independence.
1200’s  Mongols control Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq, & Iran
1500’s  Safavids control Iran & Afghanistan, this was know as the golden age of Persian Culture and lasted until the 1700’s. Ottoman Turks controlled Mesopotamia & the East and West coasts of the Arabian Peninsula until the early 1900’s
1800’s  British & Russian empires tried to control Iran & Afghanistan

18. Trace the road to independence.
1900’s  Iran & Afghanistan become independent
Britain takes over the area formerly controlled by the Ottoman Turks.
1932  Iraq and Saudi Arabia emerge as independent countries
 Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirate, & Yemen become independent

19. Group Location Language Arabs Persian Gulf and Interior SW Asia Arabic
Kurds
Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey
Kurdish
Persian
Iran
Farsi
Baloch, Bakhtiari, & Hazara
Language similar to Farsi
Turkmen
Northeastern Iran
Turkic

20. Group Location Language Azeri Northwestern Iran Turkic Qashqai
Southern Zagro Mnts
Pashtun
Scattered across the region
Pashtu
Tajiks
Northern Afghanistan & Eastern Iran

21. Section 3 Objectives
●Identify the activities on which the region’s economies depend.
●Describe the region’s cities.
●Explain some important issues in the region today.

22. What economic activities are prominent in this region?
Petroleum
Agriculture
Nomadic Herding
Manufacturing
Main source of income for the area.
Saudi Arabia produces 8.25 million barrels a day.
Some subsistence farming, but mainly specialized farms (flowers shipped to Europe)
“Bedouins”
Trade animal products and hand crafts. Many are leaving to take jobs on farms and in the city
Building materials, food products, & household supplies

23. Contrast the new & old parts of the cities in this region.
Life is much like centuries ago
1 & 2 story buildings
Narrow twisting streets, not for cars
Bazaars for shopping
Crafts sold in markets
Neighborhoods centered around churches or mosques
Modern buildings
Air Conditioning in buildings
Shopping malls
Wide streets and highways
Traffic jams
People live in high rise apartments
Fast food and gas stations on most streets
Old
New

24. What is OPEC and what does it stand for?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Influences oil prices by controlling supply
Increase or decrease can affect economies around the world by causing the price and value of oil to rise and fall based on supply.

25. What type of government does Saudi Arabia have?
Conservative Monarchy  defends Arab traditions and economic success have kept them in power.

26. How has Iran’s government changed?
Rebellion against monarchy to a theocracy (ruled by religion)
Now controlled by the ayatollahs  religious leaders of high authority

27. What type of government did Iraq have?
Dictatorship controlled by Saddam Hussein. After his capture and death was changed to a democracy, with a freely elected president

28. What military encounters has Iraq been in recently?
1980  Invaded Iran to take over is rich oil fields. 10 years later no one had won.
1990  Iraq invades Kuwait to control oil fields
1991  group of countries led by the US drove Iraq back out or Kuwait
2000’s  US over took and helped the new government with training a new military and improving the infrastructure.

29. Desert Shield

30. Give a summary of the brief history of Afghanistan
Ethnic rivalries & competing political factions have fought each other since the 1970’s
1990  Taliban came to power till now.

31. What has the Taliban done in Afghanistan?
Destroyed Buddhist statues because their were seen as an affront to Islam, most Muslims disagree
Use their interpretation of Islam to limit the role of women in society
Limit access to education for women & banned them from the workplace

32. What things are changing in the region?
Education for everyone
Influence of foreign cultures
Oil becoming an increasingly valuable resource
Communication technology expanding making information more widely available