1. Chapter 1 Lecture Outline
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 1: Introduction
Why Study Physics?
Mathematics and Physics Speak
Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
Units
Dimensional Analysis
Problem Solving Techniques
Approximations
Graphs

3. §1.1 Why Study Physics?
Physics is the foundation of every science (astronomy, biology, chemistry…).
Many pieces of technology and/or medical equipment and procedures are developed with the help of physicists.
Studying physics will help you develop good thinking skills, problem solving skills, and give you the background needed to differentiate between science and pseudoscience.

4. Gain an appreciation for the simplicity of nature.
Physics encompasses all natural phenomena.

5. §1.2 Physics Speak
Be aware that physicists have their own precise definitions of some words that are different from their common English language definitions.
Examples: speed and velocity are no longer synonyms; acceleration is a change of speed or direction.

6. §1.3 Math Basically, the language spoken by physicists is mathematics.
Galileo Wrote:
Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one is wandering in a dark labyrinth.
From Opere Il Saggiatore p. 171 by Galileo Galilei (
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 5 and 11.
Basically, the language spoken by physicists is mathematics.

7. Definitions:
x is multiplied by the factor m.
The terms mx and b are added together.

8. Example:
x is multiplied by the factor 1/a or x is divided by the factor a. The terms x/a and c are added together.

9. Percentages:
Example: You put $10,000 in a CD for one year. The APY is 3.05%. How much interest does the bank pay you at the end of the year?
The bank pays you $305 in interest.

10. Example: You have $5,000 invested in stock XYZ. It loses 6
Example: You have $5,000 invested in stock XYZ. It loses 6.4% of its value today. How much is your investment now worth?

11. The general rule is to multiply by
where the (+) is used if the quantity is increasing and (–) is used if the quantity is decreasing.

12. Proportions:
A is proportional to B. The value of A is directly dependent on the value of B.
A is proportional to 1/B. The value of A is inversely dependent on the value of B.

13. Example: For items at the grocery store:
The more you buy, the more you pay. This is just the relationship between cost and weight.
To change from  to = we need to know the proportionality constant.

14. Example: The area of a circle is
The area is proportional to the radius squared.
The proportionality constant is .

15. Example: If you have one circle with a radius of 5
Example: If you have one circle with a radius of 5.0 cm and a second circle with a radius of 3.0 cm, by what factor is the area of the first circle larger than the area of the second circle?
The area of a circle is proportional to r2:
The area of the first circle is 2.8 times larger than the second circle.

16. Example 1.1, p 4 Effect of Increasing Radius on the Volume of a Sphere
The volume of a sphere is given by the equation V = 4/3 pr3, where V is the volume and r is the radius of the sphere. If a basketball has a radius of 12.4 cm and a tennis ball has a radius of 3.20 cm, by what factor is the volume of the basketball larger that the tennis ball?

18. Practice Problem 1.1 – Power Dissipated by a Lightbulb
The electric power P dissipated by a lightbulb of resistance R is P = V2/R, where V represents the line voltage. During a brownout, the line voltage is 10.0% less than its normal value. How much power is drawn by a lightbulb during the brownout if it normally draws W (watts). Assume that the resistance doesn’t change.

20. Follow up problem
A spherical balloon is partially blown up and its surface area is measured. More air is then added, increasing the volume of the balloon. If the surface area of the balloon expands be a factor of 2.0 during this procedure, by what factor does the radius of the balloon change?

22. Strategy Relate the surface area S to the radius r using
Solution Find the ratio of the new radius to the old.
The radius of the balloon increases by a factor of 1.4.

23. Assignment #1
p. 19 – 2, 5, 6, and 9.

24. §1.4 Scientific Notation & Significant Figures
This is a shorthand way of writing very large and/or very small numbers.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 1, 2 ,9, 10, 12, 13, and 18.

25. Example: The radius of the sun is 700,000 km.
Write as 7.0105 km.
When properly written this number will be between 1.0 and 10.0
Example: The radius of a hydrogen atom is m. This is more easily written as 5.2910-11 m.

26. Significant figures:
From the box on page 5:
Nonzero digits are always significant.
Final ending zeroes written to the right of the decimal are significant. (Example: 7.00.)
Zeroes that are placeholders are not significant. (Example: 700,000 versus 700,000.0.)
Zeroes written between digits are significant. (Example: 105,000; 150,000.)

27. Example 1.2
For each of these values, identify the number of significant figures and rewrite each in its standard scientific notation.
409.8 s cm
9500 g
950.0 x 101 mL

28. Practice Problem 1.2
State the number of significant figures in each of these measurements and rewrite them in standard scientific notation. kg cm
60200 s

29. Significant Figures in Calculations
When two or more quantities are added or subtracted, the result is as precise as the least precise of the quantities. If the quantities are written in scientific notation with different powers of ten, first rewrite them with the same power of ten. After adding or subtracting, round the result, keeping only as many decimal places as are significant in all of the quantities that were added or subtracted.
When quantities are multiplied or divided, the result has the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the smallest number of significant figures.
In a series of calculations, rounding to the correct number of significant figures should only be done at the end, not at each step. Rounding at each step would increase the chance that roundoff error could snowball and have an adverse effect on the accuracy of the final answer. It’s a good idea to keep at least two extra significant figures in calculations, then round at the end.

30. Example and Practice Problem 1.3
Significant Figures in Addition.
Calculate the sum s s s.
Significant Figures in Subtraction.
Calculate the difference m – m and write the result in scientific notation. How many significant figures are in the result?

32. Example and Practice Problem 1.4
Significant Figures in Multiplication
Find the product of m/s and 2.41 s. How many significant figures does the product have?
Significant Figures in Division
Write the solution to m divided by 6.2 s with the correct number of significant figures.

33. Follow-up Problems
Perform these operations with the appropriate number of significant figures.
3.783 x 106 kg x 108 kg
(3.783 x 106 m) / (3.0 x 10-2 s)

35. (a) Strategy Rewrite the numbers so that the power of 10 is the same for each. Then add and give the answer with the number of significant figures determined by the less precise of the two numbers. Solution Perform the operation with the appropriate number of significant figures.
(b) Strategy Find the quotient and give the answer with the number of significant figures determined by the number with the fewest significant figures. Solution Perform the operation with the appropriate number of significant figures.

36. Follow-up Problem
Solve the following problem and express the answer in meters with the appropriate number of significant figures and in scientific notation:
3.08 x 10-1 km x 103 cm

38. Strategy Convert each length to meters
Strategy Convert each length to meters. Then, rewrite the numbers so that the power of 10 is the same for each. Finally, add and give the answer with the number of significant figures determined by the less precise of the two numbers. Solution Solve the problem.

39. Assignment #2
p. 19 – 14, 16, and 18

40. §1.5 Units Prefix Power of 10 tera (T) 1012 centi (c) 10-2 giga (G)
Some of the standard SI unit prefixes and their respective powers of 10.
Prefix
Power of 10
tera (T)
1012
centi (c)
10-2
giga (G)
109
milli (m)
10-3
mega (M)
106
micro ()
10-6
kilo (k)
103
nano (n)
10-9
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 6, 7, 8, and 19.

41. Dimensions are basic types of quantities that can be measured or computed. Examples are length, time, mass, electric current, and temperature.
A unit is a standard amount of a dimensional quantity. There is a need for a system of units. SI units will be used throughout this class.

42. The quantities in this column are based on an agreed upon standard.

43. A derived unit is composed of combinations of base units.
Example: The SI unit of energy is the joule.
1 joule = 1 kg m2/sec2
Derived unit
Base units

44. Units can be freely converted from one to another. Examples:
12 inches = 1 foot
1 inch = 2.54 cm

45. Example: The density of air is 1. 3 kg/m3
Example: The density of air is 1.3 kg/m3. Change the units to slugs/ft3.
1 slug = kg
1 m = 3.28 feet

46. Example 1.5 – Buying Clothes in a Foreign Country
Michel, an exchange student from France, is studying in the United States. He wishes to buy a new pair of jeans, but the sizes are all in inches. He does remember that 1 m = 3.28 ft and that 1 ft = 12 in. If his waist is 82 cm, what is his waist size in inches?

48. Practice Problem 1.5 – Driving on the Autobahn
A BMW convertible travels on the German autobahn at a speed of 128 km/h. What is the speed of the car (a) in meters per second? (b) in miles per hour?

50. Example 1.6 – Conversion of Volume
A beaker of water contains 255 mL of water. (1 mL – 1 milliliter; 1 L = 1000 cm3.) What is the volume of the water in (a) cubic centimeters? (b) cubic meters?

52. Practice Problem 1.6 – Surface Area of Earth
The radius of Earth is 6.4 x 103 km. Find the surface area of Earth in square meters and in square miles. (Surface are of a sphere = 4pr2.)

54. Follow-up Problem
A snail crawls at a pace of 5.0 cm/min. Express the snail’s speed in (a) ft/s and (b) mi/h.

56. (a). Strategy There are 12 inches in one foot, 2
(a) Strategy There are 12 inches in one foot, 2.54 centimeters in one inch, and 60 seconds in one minute. Solution Express the snail’s speed in feet per second.
(b) Strategy There are 5280 feet in one mile, 12 inches in one foot, 2.54 centimeters in one inch, and 60 minutes in one hour. Solution Express the snail’s speed in miles per hour.

57. Assignment #3
p. 20 – 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, and 31.

58. §1.6 Dimensional Analysis
Dimensions are basic types of quantities such as length [L]; time [T]; or mass [M].
The square brackets are referring to dimensions not units.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 3 and 14.

59. Mass of the pendulum [M] Length of the pendulum [L]
Example (text problem 1.84): Use dimensional analysis to determine how the period of a pendulum depends on mass, the length of the pendulum, and the acceleration due to gravity (here the units are distance/time2).
Mass of the pendulum [M]
Length of the pendulum [L]
Acceleration of gravity [L/T2]
This is a great problem to give to students during class. I take suggestions from student volunteers about how the period should depend on the quantities [M], [L], and [L/T^2]. I do this to show that a problem such as this is essentially done by trial and error and that we are able to arrive at an answer if we are not afraid of making a mistake. The answer is the square root of [L]/[L/T^2].
The period of a pendulum is how long it takes to complete 1 swing; the dimensions are time [T].

60. §1.7 Problem Solving Techniques
Summary of the list on page 13:
Read the problem thoroughly.
Draw a picture.
Label the picture with the given information.
What is unknown?
What physical principles apply?
Are their multiple steps needed?
Work symbolically! It is easier to catch mistakes.
Calculate the end result. Don’t forget units!
Check your answer for reasonableness.

61. §1.8 Approximations
All of the problems that we will do this semester will be an approximation of reality. We will use models of how things work to compute our desired results. The more effects we include, the more correct our results will be.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 4, 15, and 17.

62. Example (text problem 1.44): Estimate the number of times a human heart beats during its lifetime.
Estimate that a typical heart beats ~60 times per minute:

63. Example 1.9 – Number of Cells in the Human Body
Averaged-sized cells in the human body are about 10 mm in length. How many cells are in the human body? Make an order-of-magnitude estimate.

65. Practice Problem 1.9 – Drinking Water Consumed in the United States
How many liters of water are swallowed by the people living in the United States in one year? This is a type of problem made famous by Enrico Fermi ( ), who was a master at this sort of back-of-the-envelope calculation. Such problems are often called Fermi problems in his honor. (1 liter = 10-3 m3 ≈ 1 quart.)

67. Follow-up Problem
What is the order of magnitude of the number of seconds in a year?

69. Strategy Estimate the appropriate orders of magnitude
Strategy Estimate the appropriate orders of magnitude. Solution Find the order of magnitude of the number of seconds in one year. seconds/minute ~ 102, minutes/hour ~ 102, hours/day ~ 101, days/year ~ 102

70. §1.9 Graphs
Experimenters vary a quantity (the independent variable) and measure another quantity (the dependent variable).
Dependent variable here
Independent variable here
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 1, Questions 16 and 20.

71. Be sure to label the axes with both the quantity and its unit
Be sure to label the axes with both the quantity and its unit. For example:
Position (meters)
Time (seconds)

72. Example (text problem 1.49): A nurse recorded the values shown in the table for a patient’s temperature. Plot a graph of temperature versus time and find (a) the patient’s temperature at noon, (b) the slope of the graph, and (c) if you would expect the graph to follow the same trend over the next 12 hours? Explain.
Time
Decimal time
Temp (°F)
10:00 AM
10.0
100.00
10:30 AM
10.5
100.45
11:00 AM
11.0
100.90
11:30 AM
11.5
101.35
12:45 PM
12.75
102.48
The given data:

74. (a)
Reading from the graph: F.
(b)
(c)
No.

75. Example 1.10 – Length of a Spring
In an introductory physics laboratory experiment, students are investigating how the length of a spring varies with the weight hanging from it. Various weights (accurately calibrated to 0.01 N) ranging up to 6.00 N can be hung from the spring; then the length of the spring is measured with a meterstick. The goal is to see if the weight F and length L are related by F = kx where x = (L – Lo), Lo is the length of the spring when no weight in hanging from it, and k is called the spring constant of the spring. Graph the data in the table and calculate k for this spring.
F (N)
0.50
1.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
6.00
L (cm)
9.4
10.2
12.5
17.9
19.7
22.5
23.0
28.8
29.5

76. Fig

79. Practice Problem 1.10 – Another Weight of the Spring
What is the length of the spring of Example 1.10 when a weight of 8.00 N is suspended? Assume that the relationship found in Example 1.10 still holds for this weight.

81. Follow-up Problem
An object is moving in the x-direction. A graph of the distance it has moved as a function of time is shown. (a) What are the slope and vertical axis intercept? (b) What physical significance do the slope and intercept on the vertical axis have for this graph?

83. (a). Strategy Refer to the figure
(a) Strategy Refer to the figure. Use the definition of the slope of a line and the fact that the vertical axis intercept is the x-value corresponding to t = 0. Solution Compute the slope.
When t = 0, x = 3.0 km; therefore, the vertical axis intercept is 3.0 km.
(b) Strategy and Solution The physical significance of the slope of the graph is that it represents the speed of the object. The physical significance of the vertical axis intercept is that it represents the starting position of the object (position at time zero).

84. Assignment #4
p. 21 – 52 and 54
p. 22 – 62, 68, 69 and 70

85. Summary
Math Skills
The SI System of Units
Dimensional Analysis