1. Circulatory Systems Move Nutrients, Gases and Other Materials
Two basic types:
Open system:
Blood periodically leaves the blood vessels, bathes the tissues, and is recollected into the vessels.
Found in arthropods
Closed system:
Blood never leaves the blood vessels
Found in humans and other animals

2. Circulatory Systems Move Nutrients, Gases and Other Materials
Circulatory systems have three main components:
Vessels
Blood
Hearts
Each evolved from rather simple components in primitive worms to highly complex ones found in chordates.

4. Animals Must Maintain Proper Water Balance
For all cells, water is a precious necessity.
It is necessary to maintain the appropriate concentrations of solutes in an organism’s body
Solute concentrations can be different from those found in body compared to the environment.
Need to have an ability to regulate the solute concentrations due to these differences.

5. Animals Must Maintain Proper Water Balance
Fish living in hypertonic environment:
Drinks water.
Loses water through the gills.
Loses solutes in urine and active transport through the gills.

6. Animals Must Maintain Proper Water Balance
Fish living in hypotonic environment:
Drinks no water.
Water absorbed by osmosis through gills and body surfaces.
Solutes absorbed by active transport at gills.

7. Animals Must Maintain Proper Water Balance
Terrestrial animals have 5 ways to reduce water loss:
Live in moist environment
Live in habitat with high humidity
Be active at night when humidity is the highest
Special body coverings to prevent water loss.

8. Animals Must Maintain Proper Water Balance
Terrestrial animals have 5 ways to reduce water loss:
Organisms living in the desert have special mechanisms for reducing water loss in feces and concentrating wastes in urine

9. Organisms Must Get Rid of Metabolic Wastes
Cellular metabolism produces waste compounds that must be disposed of.
Example: Ammonia
Animals evolved a number of different excretory systems
Blind tubes that collect waste to more complex organs such as kidneys.

11. How Do Organisms Move? External environments are challenging.
Four options for dealing with challenges:
Isolate themselves
Seek shelter
Adjust to changing conditions
Move to more favorable environments

12. Microbe Movement
Thick cell walls and shells protect many microbes from potentially hostile environments.
Microbes can move using flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia (false feet)

13. Animal Movement
Involves the interactions between muscles and their shells or skeletons
Among animals, there exist 3 types of skeletons:
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeletons

14. How Do Organism Reproduce?
Purpose of life is to reproduce
Because life can only persist through reproduction
Two types
Asexual
Binary fission or mitosis
Sexual

15. Most Common Form of Reproduction is Asexual
Process of one cell becoming two
Binary fission occurs in prokaryotic cells
Mitosis occurs in all others
Also allows for tissue repair

16. Asexual Reproduction

17. Sexual Reproduction Evolved Among Bacteria, Protists and Fungi
Conjugation
Cytoplasmic bridge (pilus) develops between two individuals allowing one-way exchange of genetic material.

18. Sexual Reproduction Among Eukaryotes
Follows three general types:
Diploid cycle:
Seen in all animals and some protists.
All cells of the organism are diploid except for gametes.
Gametes remain single-celled, haploid entities until fertilization.

19. Sexual Reproduction Among Eukaryotes
Follows three general types:
Haploid cycle:
Seen in all fungi and some algae.
All cells of the organism are haploid.
Budding and other types of asexual reproduction produce haploid individuals.
When reproduce sexually, cells merge, fuse nuclei, and become diploid.
Immediately undergo meiosis producing haploid spores

20. Sexual Reproduction Among Eukaryotes
Follows three general types:
Alternating cycle:
Seen in all plants and some algae
Has two distinct generations
Haploid gametophyte that produces gametes.
Diploid sporophyte that produce spores.

21. Sexual Reproduction in Water is Relatively Easy
Aquatic organisms spew gametes into the environment
Gametes must find each other so fertilization can occur
Timing of gamete release is important

22. Sexual Reproduction in Water is Relatively Easy
Simultaneous release of gametes is important. Two reasons:
Facilitates fertilization.
Foils predators by “flooding the market”.

23. Sexual Reproduction in Water is Relatively Easy
Less danger of gametes drying out.
Less protected.
Eggs have less yolk than those that reproduce on land.

24. Many Animals Successfully Reproduce on Land
The ability to reproduce on land apparently evolved independently among segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods and chordates.
Each group originated in the ocean and evolved successfully in different environments until they became terrestrial organisms.

25. Many Animals Successfully Reproduce on Land
Transition from water to land is seen most dramatically by comparing their eggs.
Marine fish have little yolk and no shells.
Eggs of freshwater fish amphibians, which reproduce in nutrient-poor environments, have considerable more yolk and are surrounded by slime layers.

26. Many Animals Successfully Reproduce on Land
Eggs of reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals are the largest known, contain relatively huge amounts of yolks.

27. Many Animals Successfully Reproduce on Land
The eggs of advanced mammals have no shells and no yolk.
Offspring are retained within the female’s body (marsupials) where they are protected and nourished.

28. After Fertilization, Organisms Develop and Grow
Pattern of embryonic development has three general phases.
First phase: fertilized egg undergoes mitosis which increases the number of cells little or no overall growth in size.

29. After Fertilization, Organisms Develop and Grow
Second phase:
Involves the early appearance of organ system.
Third phase:
Further refinement of organ systems and significant growth.

30. Animal Development

31. Two patterns of post-hatching and development in birds
1. Hatchlings are virtually helpless and totally dependent on parents for food and protection.
2. Hatchlings can find their own food and partially protected from the environment by downy feathers.

32. Mammals Development
Mammals are helpless at birth and totally dependent on adults for nourishment and protection
Initial nourishment provided by mammary glands.
Following weaning, young are still dependent on adults for food.
Need to learn where to seek food and shelter, how to avoid predators from associations from parents and adults.