1. The Post-Napoleonic Era
Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
Which shall prevail?

2. Post – NB European Borders
Given these borders, what do you anticipate will occur next?

3. What did the Congress of Vienna desire for Europe?
Restore ORDER & Security
French Revolution was bloody, messy, OOC
Restore BALANCE OF POWER
PEACE via
Cooperation, Consultation & Consent
Restore LEGITIMATE rulers
Return of Monarchy & Aristocracy… traditional society
WHY?

4. However, other ideas also emerged…
Nationalism
The desire to have your own nation and not be ruled by others
Subjugated peoples wanted their own nations, no more empires
Freedom
Autonomy
Liberalism
The desire to reform the existing political, economic & social structures in order to create greater equity

5. What is a “NATION”? A composition of people who have common
Language
Culture
Customs
History
Roots to a location
Nationalists opposed the principles of the Congress of Vienna, they desired popular sovereignty

6. What does it take to have a successful nation?
Established national language
Print Culture
Shared worldview based on common experience
Workable economy
Military Strength to defend itself
Cultural Elite
Perpetuation of the culture, language, customs & history

7. Who were the LIBERALS? What did they desire?
Educated
Economically stable
Professional or Commercial oriented
Academics
Excluded or limited by previous regime
Believed in talent & achievement
Legal Equality
Religious Toleration
Constitutional gov’t
Freedom of Expression
Consent of the governed
Equitable economic opportunity

8. Where were the “hot spots”?
Ireland
Poland
Germany
Hungary
The Balkans
Italy
Greece

9. What were the components of Conservatism?
Legitimate monarchs
Vs. Constitutions
Landed Aristocracies
Protection for property & privilege
Established State Supported Churches
Anti-Enlightenment or “new” religion
Leadership
K. von Metternich / Edmund Burke / Fr. Hegel

10. What actions did conservatives take to preserve the status quo?
Austria
Dominates
German Confederation
Prussia
No promised reforms
Diets ruled by Junkers
German States
Limited self-government
Carlsbad Decrees end Burschenschaften
Final Act limits free speech in government
Great Britain
Corn Laws = tariff
Combination Acts = no unions
Coercion Acts = no habeas corpus or seditious meetings
Peterloo Massacre
Six Acts = ↑gov’t power
↓ rights for dissidents
France
Charter = limited change
Ultra-royalist White Terror

11. How was conservative international order maintained?
Alliances
Holy Alliance = R + Pr + A
Quadruple Alliance = R + Pr + A + GB
Concert of Europe
No action w/o consent of other nations
Congress System
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aka Aachen)
Troop withdrawal & re-admittance of France
Congress of Troppau
Protocol of Troppau = intervention OK to preserve regimes
Congress of Verona = intervention in Spain
Monroe Doctrine = GB seeks economic gain in Latin America

12. The Revolutionary Wave
The Balkans
“Eastern Question”
Conflict of Interest
R & A >> Land
F & GB >> Biz
Christianity v. Islam
Greece 1821
No initial direct intervention
1827 Treaty of London #1… naval support, demand independence
Treaty of Adrianople 1829
R intervention >> allows GB / F / R decision making power
1830 Treaty of London #2 = Greek independence >> Otto I

13. The Revolutionary Wave Serbia
National Identity
Slavic & Orthodox
Guerilla War by Kara George
Partial Autonomy
Negotiated by Milos Obrenovitch
Independence granted 1830 by Ottomans
Territory, border & minority issues = tension
Links to Russia
Culture, Religion, Trade & Alliance

14. Latin America’s Revolutionary Wave
Haiti
Slave revolt
South America
Creole revolts
Venezuela
New Granada
Rio de la Plata & Chile
New Spain(Mexico)
Creole/Native revolt
Brazil = non-violent

15. Russia: Failed Reforms
Alexander I: Rejects Change
Suppression leads to secret reform societies
S. Society (democracy) & N. Society (Con. Monarchy)
Crisis: No Heir = Constantine? Nicholas?
Decembrist Revolt 1825: Failed Coup d’Etat
Nicholas I: Autocracy!
Censorship + Secret Police + Russification
“Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism”
Poland revolts crushed >> Organic Statute 1832

16. Revolution in France… again (1830)
Louis XVIII (Bourbon CM) dies 1824
Charles X: Ultra-royalist + Divine Right
$ to nobles + primogeniture + power grab!
Four Ordinances: ↓ rights, ↓ power, ↓ gov’t
Dissolved Chamber of Deputies  
July Revolt 1830: “Les Miserables”
Worker Revolt – Barricades in Parisian streets!
Charles X abdicates
Louis Philippe the “King of the French”
CM, Tricolor, ↑rights, shared power, NO social Δ

17. British Government House of Lords House of Commons Parliament Monarch
Veto Power
Head of State
Parliament
Laws + Policy
Tory – Whig – Labor
House of Lords
Inherited / Appointed
Nobles + Clergy
House of Commons
Elected
Middle Class

18. Reforming Great Britain
Act of Union 1798
Protestant Irish reps to House of Commons
Catholic Emancipation Act 1828
RCs could be members of Parliament
Keeps peace in Ireland
Great Reform Bill 1832
To solve “rotten borough” problem
↑ electorate by
Re-drawing voting districts
↓ property qualifications

19. So what’s the point? New movements, new directions
Post- NB Europe had to adjust
Nations & government styles
Conservative vs. Liberal
Social class issues
Rising Middle Class seeks greater participation
New movements, new directions
Conservatism seeks to maintain control
Nationalist groups seek recognition & new nation-states
Liberalism seeks to reform European politics & society

20. All of the following were goals of 19th century liberals EXCEPT
Religious toleration
Legal equality
Free consent of the governed
Democracy
Limits to arbitrary power of government against the property of individuals
D. They not advocate democracy, did not want to give power to lower classes

21. Nationalist generally contended that
Legitimate monarchs should be the basis of political unity
Ethnic boundaries should be distinct from political boundaries
Ethnic boundaries should coincide with political boundaries
Official versions of language should come from the government rather than the people
Multinational states were more desirable than single ethnic kingdoms
C. Nations – ethnicity, common culture, etc. – should be the basis of political boundaries

22. Group Exercise
Create a poster that explains the revolutionary process in your assigned country-
Bullet Point Key Info + Visual + Present it
Country Choices:
Balkans / Spain / Haiti / New Spain / France / Russia / Great Britain / So America
Think SPRITE… names, terms, events, laws, treaties, years, causes, effects…
Flow Maps, Bubble Maps, etc.

23. The Concert of Europe refers to the
New informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues
New Russian, Austrian, Prussian and British alliance
January 1820 outbreak of revolution in Spain
Restoration of monarchy in France
Combined effort to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte
A. The system focused on continental issues and was based on cooperation, communication & consent

24. FRQ Practice
Write an FRQ Quick (underline thesis) and an outline of a quality response to one of the prompts below:
“The independence movements in Latin America were a direct consequence of European events.” Defend or refute this statement & justify your position. OR
In what ways did the great powers of Europe stem the tide of revolution between ?