1. How many bones make up an adult skeleton. How many at birth
How many bones make up an adult skeleton? How many at birth? Why the difference?
There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton
At birth there are over 300 bones
As we mature to about the age of 2 years some bones fuse to make up a single bone and reduce the number to 206.

2. What are 5 functions of the skeleton Q 1
Structural support – hold tissues in place
Movement – provide levers for muscles to pull and move
Protection – ie: ribs protect heart, lungs
Mineral Reserve – calcium and phosphorous used in energy production are stored in bone
Manufacture of Blood Cells – marrow inside long bones produces new Red blood cells

3. What is the difference between the axial and appindicular skeleton Q 14
Axial skeleton is comprised of the skull, vertebrae and rib cage. 80 bones in all. Core muscles anchor here.
Appendicular skeleton is comprised of the arm and leg bones plus the shoulder and pelvic girdle bones bones in all. Muscles for movement insert here.

4. What is bone marrow? Where is it found and what is its purpose? Q5
Bone marrow is found as a yellowish (fat) or red (blood) substance found inside the long bones of the body. It manufactures red blood cells for our blood stream.

5. What are the 5 types of bones? Give an example of each.
Long bone – femur, humerus
Short bone – wrist carpal, foot tarsal
Irregular bone –vertebrae
Sesmoid – patella (floating bone)
Flat bone – skull or rib

6. Explain what part of the bone is called the “diaphysis”
Explain what part of the bone is called the “diaphysis”. What part of a long bone makes up the Epiphysis? What is the difference between compact bone and cancellous bone?

7. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRUE RIB, FALSE RIB AND FLOATING RIB
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRUE RIB, FALSE RIB AND FLOATING RIB? HOW MANY ARE THERE OF EACH? Q11
True Ribs are connected by cartilage directly to the sternum. There are 7 true ribs.
False Ribs are connected to the cartilage of the 7th rib that leads to the sternum. There are 3 false ribs.
Floating ribs are located at the inferior level of the rib cage. They are short and do not connect to the sternum (float). There are 2 floating ribs

8. There are 24 vertebrae. What do Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae refer to? How many are in each? Q9
Cervical refers to the vertebrae in the neck region at the top of the spine. The first 7 vertebrae are cervical. C1 – C7.
Thoracic refers to the vertebrae in the rib area. There are 12, numbers T8 – T19.
Lumbar refers to the final 5 vertebrae in the lower back. L20 – L24.
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord and allow us flexibility to move

9. What is bone remodeling? What happens to the skeleton as we age?
Bone remodeling is the term given for how the bones replace themselves over time. Old bone is dissolved and replaced with new bone continuously. Every 3 years or so our entire skeleton is replaced. This enables the skeleton to remain strong and viable.
As we age the skeleton loses bone mass. More old bone is dissolved than new bone made to replace it. After the age of 40 we lose more mass than we replace. This results in weaker more frail bone.

10. Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Osterocytes Q4
Three types of bone cells found in bone. Osteoblasts help to produce new bone cells called Osteocytes. Osteoclasts help disolve old bone and remove it. The process ensures that old weaker bone is constantly replaced by new strong bone. After 35 year (appx) the process reverses to where the rate of bone dissolving is greater than bone production. Older people begin to lose bone mass, bones become weaker, more brittle. This is called Osteoporosis.

11. What can we do to slow the process of bone loss due to aging?
To slow done the bone loss process we should:
Eat a diet balanced in calcium and vitamin D
Exercise regularly
Regular medical checks for bone density
Avoid excessive alcohol or smoke

12. Cartilage
Cartilage is not bone but a hard yet flexible material found in the skeleton to provide flexibility, cushioning and to prevent bones from rubbing on bone. Cartilage is very smooth and the surfaces glide over each other. It can be found between most bone articulations (where bones meet). It is found in all moving joints to allow pain free and friction free smooth movement. Cartilage does not have a blood supply so if damaged it does not repair itself very well if at all. It is a common problem in sport joint sprains of knee and shoulder.

13. Where is Cartilage?

14. What holds bones together
Ligaments are tough strands of connective tissue. They have little give and are found in the joints connecting the bones in place so the joint is stable and only moves in the desired motions. Ligaments join bone to bone.

15. Why are long bones hollow? Q2
Long bones are hollow to reduce weight and to allow for blood cell production in the bone marrow housed in its hollow interior.

16. What purpose do ridges on bones serve? Q3
Ridges on bones can serve as locations for tendons to attach (tendons connect the skeletal muscles to the skeleton).
Ridges can also add
strength to the bone

17. How many bones in our skull? Q8
29 bones in the skull. Many are fused together as in the skull and only a line exists between them outlining the area

18. Identify and give an example of Ball & Socket, Hinge and Pivot joints Q12