1. Memory and its disorders Classic cases and introduction
Chris Moulin & Céline Souchay
School of Psychology
University of Leeds

2. Celine PhD, University of Tours, France Supervisor, Michel Isingrini
Key papers:
Souchay, C., Moulin, C.J.A. (in press). Memory and consciousness in Alzheimer’s disease. Current Alzheimer Research.
Souchay, C. (2007). Metamemory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, special issue on Alzheimer's disease, 43,
Souchay, C., Bacon, E., Danion, J-M. (2006). Metamemory in Schizophrenia: an exploration of the feeling-of-knowing state. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(5):
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., Espagnet, L. (2000). Relations between Feeling-of-knowing and Frontal lobe functioning in older adults. Neuropsychology, 14 (2),

3. Chris PhD, Bristol, UK Supervisors, Tim Perfect & Alan Baddeley
Key papers:
Moulin, C.J.A., Perfect, T.J., Jones, R.W. (2000). Evidence for intact memory monitoring in Alzheimer's disease: Metamemory sensitivity at encoding. Neuropsychologia, 38:
Moulin, C.J.A., Conway, M.A., Thompson, R.G., James, N., Jones, R.W. (2005). Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déjà vecu. Neuropsychologia, 43 :
Moulin, C.J.A., Laine, M., Rinne, J.O., Kaasinen, V., Hiltunen, J., Sipilä, H. (2007). Brain function during multi-trial learning in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A PET activation study. Brain Research, 1136,
Rathbone, C.J., Moulin, C.J.A., Conway, M.A. (2008). Self-centered memories: The reminiscence bump and the self. Memory and Cognition, 36(8):

4. Course Overview
Lecture 1. Memory and its disorders. Classic cases in the study of memory 2h CM & CS
Lecture 2. An overview of models of memory function 2h CM
Lecture 3. Memory and the self 2h CM & CS
Lecture 4. Freud was right: Inhibitory processes in memory 2h CM
Lecture 5. Metacognition 2h CS
Lecture 6. Remembering and consciousness 2h CM
Lecture 7. Recollection and the Brain 2h CS
(Private Study, 4h)
Final Session. Case studies in Memory, student led discussion

5. Content & Goals
Describe the differences in disorders of memory due to neurological and psychiatric disorders
Demonstrate a sound understanding of key contemporary concepts in Memory Theory (as suggested by, but not restricted to the topics of the lecture list).
Connect theoretical concepts in the literature to clinical cases and novel special populations
Describe both how models of memory have shaped our understanding of various pathologies, and how special populations, especially single cases have informed contemporary memory theory.
Offer an informed opinion as to the involvement of memory in several clinical disorders.
Differentiate key areas of the literature: Long term versus short term memory, semantic versus episodic memory, explicit versus implicit memory.

6. Assessment
Private study will require students to search for a case study in the literature and then present it very briefly to the class detailing test performance, anecdotal information, and what the case suggests for the literature.  Note that pubmed enables you to restrict document types to 'case reports', and other sources restrict all publications to case reports, and journals such as Neurocase.

7. ‘a strange kind of illness seems to blame for this gap in my life
‘a strange kind of illness seems to blame for this gap in my life! Was this illness imposed upon me by other people? The only way to find out is to do a detailed examination of all the magazines, newspapers and other published material appearing during the last 6 months. The results of an inquiry will release the causes of my ‘now-living’ – despite apparently unlikely connection between the subjects.’

8. 9 Classic Cases Patient RJ – bilateral-frontal lobes
Patient JB - no brain damage
Sharon - no brain damage
Mrs P – left temporal
Clive Waring – left temporal & frontal
Patient ELD – right frontal
Patient PV – left hemisphere lesion
Patient HM – hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes
Patient JW – medial temporal lobe
Mrs P – left temporal = case 2
Clive Waring – left temporal & frontal = Case 1
Patient ELD – right frontal = Case 3
Patient PV – left hemisphere lesion = Case 4
Patient HM – hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes = Case 7
Patient JW – Korsakoff’s amnesia = Case 6
Patient RJ – bilateral-frontal lobes = Case 5
Sharon - no brain damage = case 8

9. Case 1
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis with fitting and loss of consciousness
extensive damage to the left temporal lobe extending to the frontal lobe
initially, could not answer simple questions such as "What is a tree? Do you eat it, dress in it, or pick fruit from it?"
Subsequently, became extremely depressed, crying endlessly. When his wife gave him a notebook to write down why he was crying, he wrote: 'I am completely incapable of thinking.'
premorbid IQ of at least 122

10. Case 1
Impaired delayed copying of figures, impaired autobiographical memory, preserved STM and implicit learning
Musical abilities preserved - able to follow complex repeats in a musical score
He wrote over and over that he had just regained consciousness for the first time. “It’s like being dead, all the bloody time.”
When his wife leaves the room, patient greets her on her return as if he hasn't seen her for years.

11. Case 2
62-year-old female presented complaining of not remembering unusual words or people's names
Marked atrophy to the left temporal lobe
Still drove and kept up her hobbies as a country dancer and a dressmaker
Deteriorated to comprehension at the level of a five-and-a-half year-old child
'Is a kitten young?'
'what on earth is a kitten?'
'who wrote Hamlet?'
'who is Hamlet?'

12. Case 2
digit span of 7
preserved autobiographical memory and awareness of current affairs
Over-regularises the pronunciation of words like yacht and pint. Progressively more and more familiar and frequently encountered words were affected
Eventually, complained that foods did not taste the same as they used to. Misidentified objects and only used items that were familiar to her

13. Case 3 49 year-old woman, educated to A-level
right hemisphere aneurysm - heamatoma subfrontally in Sylvian fissure
good recovery, but difficulty in finding her way around
IQ normal - Normal LTM performance
Corsi span of 3/4
Impaired immediate serial recall of faces
Good immediate serial recall of words

14. Case 4 26 year-old woman, 11 years of schooling
Stroke with transient loss of consciousness
Left hemisphere lesion
Subsequently, good autonomous functioning - set up a business
Free recall impaired - but due to an absence of recency
Superior than controls at learning a story
Unimpaired delayed recall (drawing) of a visual figure
Corsi span (6), digit span (2/3)

15. Case 5 Male, professional, aged 42
Traffic accident. Unconscious for several weeks, haemorrhaging to frontal lobes
"I was driving along in South Wales, coming back from the steel company in Wales where I had been on business, and had an accident in my car, I pulled out to pass a lorry and a lorry came the other way and that lorry missed me; I then went to pull back in when I passed the lorry I was overtaking and another lorry came along and he actually hit me, so there I was in the middle of the road with no car. He stopped and he said "I'm sorry mate," and I said "Don't worry about it, it was as much my fault as yours," … so we shook hands and said cheerio"

16. Case 5
Were you hurt?
"I went into Hereford hospital for that night … and they looked at me and they said there's nothing wrong with you, you'd better bugger off home"
How did you get to the clinic then?
"the sister in Hereford hospital said the best place for you to go is Rivermead … She said "You should go to Rivermead, it's the best place there is in the country for what you need … and while you're down there take so-and-so with you," which is exactly what I did.
So who did you bring with you?
"some girl, I can't remember her name, some big fat piece … and then I went back and took her back with me. I rang the sister of Hereford hospital and said, "I'm back now and I've brought what's-her-name back with me".

17. Case 6
Male, born in Aged 53, lost job because of severe drinking problem
disorientated for time and place
Whilst living in hospital until his death he still believed himself to be living at home and working as a fitter
Memory Quotient of 62 (normal = 100), recognition superior to recall
A retrograde memory problem that affected memories from well before the 1970s. 2 standard deviations below normal for people famous in the 1970s, but less impaired for faces from progressively earlier periods
Unimpaired STM, but accelerated forgetting - unable to retain information for more than 30 seconds

18. Case 7 The Most famous memory patient of all time
Intact implicit memory, impaired explicit memory
Intact short term memory, impaired long term memory

19. Case 8
34 year-old woman
Found naked, unconscious and near starvation in a park, her skin covered with sores and rat-bites
Could not identify herself and could not remember how she had came to be in the park
After seven months of hospitalisation, she was identified by her family through a media campaign. She accepted her family as her own, but never recognised them
Face recognition comparable to a control participant of the same age and IQ

20. Case 8
When asked to generate personal memories to cue words, virtually none of them came from the time period before her discovery in the park, although the control participant recalled most memories from a comparable period.
During hypnotherapy, recovered memories from before her admission to hospital and of the events leading up to being found in the park. She had run away with her boss and he had held her as a prisoner for virtually five years. She had escaped – to the park where she was found

21. Case 9 Patient JB 54-year-old male
presented at casualty complaining of inability to remember anything of the last few days
extremely severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia
high levels of Gamma GT in blood, an indication of alcoholism
Disorientated in time, but not in space
No language or problem solving impairments
significantly below chance on a forced-choice recognition task

22. Case 9
STM for lists of five digits equally poor with a filled or unfilled delay.
Implicit memory functioning in the normal range,
Working memory seriously impaired.
Equally impaired on recall and recognition
Aware of memory difficulties
Did not recall his name or address for several days, until he was identified by a friend.

23. Who is who?
Mrs P
left temporal
Semantic Dementia
Clive Waring
left temporal & frontal
Dense Amnesic
Patient ELD
right frontal
Visuospatial STM
Patient PV
left hemisphere lesion
Verbal STM
Patient JB
no brain damage
Malingerer
Patient HM
hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes
Very Dense Amnesic
Patient JW
medial temporal lobe
Korsakoff’s Amnesia
Patient RJ
bilateral-frontal lobes
Frontal lobe confabulator
Sharon
Psychogenic Fugue
Korsakoff’s amnesia; Malingerer; Psychogenic Fugue; Verbal STM; Very Dense Amnesic; Semantic Dementia; Visuospatial STM; Dense Amnesic; Frontal lobe confabulator

24. Who is who? Mrs P Case 2 left temporal Semantic Dementia Clive Waring
left temporal & frontal
Very Dense Amnesic
Patient ELD
Case 3
right frontal
Visuospatial STM
Patient PV
Case 4
left hemisphere lesion
Verbal STM
Patient JB
Case 9
no brain damage
Malingerer
Patient HM
Case 7
hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes
Dense Amnesic
Patient JW
Case 6
medial temporal lobe
Korsakoff’s amnesia
Patient RJ
Case 5
bilateral-frontal lobes
Frontal lobe confabulator
Sharon
Case 8
Psychogenic Fugue

25. References
Clive Wearing in chapter 2 of: Campbell, R. & Conway, M. A. (1995). Broken memories: case studies in memory impairment. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mrs P in chapter 16 of: Campbell, R. & Conway, M. A. (1995). Broken memories: case studies in memory impairment. Oxford: Blackwell.
ELD in: Hanley, J. R., Young, A. W. & Pearson, N. A. (1991). Impairment of the visuo-spatial sketch pad. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A,
JB is a composite of patients reported in chapter 15 of: Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Watts, F. M. (1995). Handbook of memory disorders. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
PV in: Basso, A., Spinnler, H., Vallar, G. & Zanobio, M. E. (1982). Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory-verbal short-term memory. Neuropsychologia, 20,
JW in chapter 9 of: Campbell, R. & Conway, M. A. (1995). Broken memories: case studies in memory impairment. Oxford: Blackwell.
RJ in: Baddeley, A. & Wilson, B. (1986). Amnesia, autobiographical memory, and confabulation. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharon in chapter 14 of: Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Watts, F. M. (1995). Handbook of memory disorders. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Patient HM: Everywhere

26. Clive Wearing

27. What does all that mean? Many different forms of memory dysfunction
Most of which map onto brain structures
Need for different systems and different tests
Memory is not a monolithic entity
Each error, each case is evidence for some system or other at work