1. Creek Indian Civilization
and Creek Indian Wars

2. Creek Lands

3. Background Information on the Creeks
Also know as the Muscogee
Name came from the shortening of the “Ocheese Creek” (Ocmulgee River)
Union of several tribes confederacy
Member tribes called tribal towns political autonomy
Geographic Divisions
Upper Creeks- Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers
- traditional way of life
Lower Creeks-Chattahoocee and Flint Rivers
-more intermarriage with the whites
- huge impact on political and social order

4. Town Make Up
Italwa- large permanent towns Talofa- smaller outlying villages (associated with larger town) Pascova- plazas (open areas) 1. Used for dancing, religious ceremonies and games 2. Location of town councils 3. Surrounding the pascova were the homes of the Indians.

5. Creek Indian Towns
people in the town, town would split, with about half moving to a nearby site
The new towns would have a “mother-daughter” relationship with the original town (how confederacies were formed)
Matrilineal society- mother is the main authority in the family

6. Creek Indian Wars Oconee War
During the late 1700’s, white settlers began to push into Creek lands, bad feelings started to arise along the Oconee River.
-White settlers began to shoot Creeks on site
Creek Chief that intervened and supported the Creeks in their effort to keep the land was Alexander McGillivray

7. Alexander McGillivray
Creek Indian Chief
Grew up in Creek and white society (mom was Creek, dad was white)
Initiated reforms within the Creek society
-created centralized power in Creek nation
Used trade to increase his own position on the Southern frontier.
Used European influence to protect Creek interests
- Treaty of New York (1790)

8. The Treaty of New York (1790)
McGuillivray met with George Washington to discuss a peace negotiation over the Oconee Wars
What did it do?
Creeks gave up land east of the Oconee River
U.S. promised no settlers West of the Oconee River
*Both sides ignored the treaty*

9. Georgia’s War of 1812 (Creek Indian Civil War)
Red Stick Creeks (warring Creeks) vs. White Stick Creeks (peaceful Creeks) Fort Mims Massacre Battle of Horseshoe Bend

10. The Fort Mims Massacre (1813)
1000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims (Alabama) killing settlers , army officers, and White Sticks
The Red Sticks’ victory spread panic throughout the Southeastern United States frontier
Made the Creek Civil War a war between the United States and the Red Stick warriors of the Upper Creek Nation. (Why is this?)

11. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
Located on the Tallapoosa River
Jackson, with the help of Lower Creek and Cherokee Indians as well as his own forces gained control of the barricade and slaughtered the Red Creek Indians that were there
Video: ewjackson/video/

13. Battle of Horseshoe Bend’s Significance
Upper Creek power was broken
Creek Civil War came to a close
Creeks were forced to give up more than 23 million acres of their homeland and move farther west
The land taken from them was good for growing cotton which helped to further the need for slavery-antebellum period
Andrew Jackson became a legend

14. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
The Western Hemisphere was off limits to further colonization
The United States would not be involved in internal European affairs
* ISOLATIONISM*-not interfering in other countries affairs.*
James Monroe (5th president)

15. Why the Need for the Monroe Doctrine?
In the early 1800’s, a number of colonies in Latin America gained independence from their European controllers.
United States President James Monroe believed that by making connections with the new nations, both the political and economic influence of the U.S. would increase. (Spheres of Influence) (This relates to what theory we learned about last unit?)
Wars in Europe- Monroe did not want to get the United States involved in these matters

16. Analyzing Political Cartoons- The Monroe Doctrine
What things stick out to you in this picture?
Who do you think each person in the cartoon represents?
What do you feel the cartoon is attempting to say to the viewer?
Does this political cartoon represent the Monroe Doctrine? Why or why not?

17. 1. What is happening in the cartoon?
2. Who does the figure in the foreground represent?
3. Who are the figures in the background? See if you can read the names of nations.
4. What is the message of the cartoon?

18. 1. Describe what is happening in this cartoon.
2. Who is the figure on the right?
3. Who are the two figures on the left?
4. What is the figure on the right pointing to?
5. What is the message of the cartoon?

19. Cartoon #1 Answers
1. A rooster is guarding a chicken coop by marching back and forth in front of it.
2. The United States
3. European nations, Italy, Germany, England, France.
4. The U.S. has locked up the European nations with the Monroe Doctrine, which
states that the Western Hemisphere is off limits to European settlement.
Cartoon #2 Answers
1. A man is stopping two men from crossing a line.
2. Uncle Sam, representing the U.S.
3. Great Britain and Germany.
4. The line which says “Monroe Doctrine”.
5. European nations need to stay behind the line of the Monroe Doctrine which
blocks their entry into Latin America.

20. References
Slide 2:
map.jpg g
Slide 7:
d= &hero=yes
Slide 8:
Slide 2: map.jpg g Slide 7: d= &hero=yes Slide 8: map.jpg

21. References- Horseshoe Bend
nal_parks/Horseshoe_Bend_map.jpg
essons/54horseshoe/54images/54cover.jpg
ulletins/nrb40/bat7.jpg

22. References- Monroe Doctrine
npgallery.jpg onroe_doctrine.jpg Political Cartoons: /2009/06/monroe-doctrine-cartoons.pdf

23. Creek Indian Treaties and the Indian Removal Act

24. Review of Yesterday Creek Indian society background
- composition of the Creek society
- Creek Indian towns
Creek Indian Wars
- Oconee War
- Alexander McGillivray
- Treaty of New York (1790)
Creek Indian Civil War
-Fort Mims Massacre
-Significance
- Battle of Horseshoe Bend
- Significance
The Monroe Doctrine

25. Creek Indian “Glass” Treaties

26. The Treaty of Indian springs (1825)
William McIntosh
Lower Creek chief
“White Warrior”
Mother was Creek and father was white
Supported the U.S.’s attempts to gain Indian land
Well connected in the government of Georgia (many relatives were high officials)

27. The Treaty of Indian spring (1825)
George Troup
Cousin of William McIntosh
Governor of Georgia during this treaty
Aggressive policy towards Indian removal

28. The treaty of Indian Springs (1825)
Chief William McIntosh and Governor George Troup (cousins) arranged to have Creek lands given to GA
Sold all of the remaining Creek land (southwest Georgia)
Many Creeks were unhappy with the selling of the land
McIntosh was murdered in his home in Carroll County.

29. The Treaty of Washington (1826)
Nullified the “false” Treaty of Indian Springs
Gave all Creek land on the east of the Chattahoochee River to the United States
Treaty was broken almost immediately (frontiersmen burned and looted Indian homes)
The army intervened and aided the removal to Oklahoma
The end of Creeks in Georgia

30. Factors That Led to The Trail of Tears

31. The Dahlonega Gold Rush
1828
Almost 20 years before the California Gold Rush (1849)
Gold found by Benjamin Parks
Land owned by the Cherokee
Auraria- first gold mining center in the United States.
Push to forced Cherokee off that land

32. Andrew Jackson Elected in 1828
Very proud man (often got into fights in order to defend his honor)
War hero
“Represented the common man”
Thought of the Indians as “…children in need of guidance.”
Known for his involvement in Indian Removal
name=americanhistory&bcpid= &bclid= &bctid=
Andrew Jackson 7th President

33. The Indian Removal Act (1830)
Authorized Jackson to transfer Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to the western territories (Oklahoma) promised to them
5 Groups
Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole
The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that agreed to the conditions
america-under-andrew-jackson-the-indian- removal-act-video.htm

34. Key Individuals and events Prior to The trail of tears

35. Missionaries to Georgia Samuel Worcester and Elizur Butler
Preacher to the Cherokees
Known as “The Messenger”
Good friends with Elias Boudinot
- Developed the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper with Boudinot
Sought to use the Cherokee Phoenix to promote a Cherokee Nation
Elizur Butler
Preacher and physician to the Creek Indians
Involved in the Hawais mission
1830- Georgia passed a law stating that any white person could not live on Indian land without taking an “oath of allegiance”
*Worcester and Butler were arrested for failing to take the oath*

36. Chief Justice John Marshall
Worester vs. Georgia (1832)
The arrests of Worcester and Butler were the basis for this case
Georgia ignored the Supreme Court’s decision
President Jackson did not support the ruling either, and pressed for the Cherokees to remove themselves from the land
“John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let him enforce it!” –Jackson
Chief Justice John Marshall

37. References
Gold Rush Slide: _GA.gif
advisor.com/images/Half-Eagle-1838-D.jpg
4713/bparksjr.jpg

38. References
Jackson slide: on.jpg
ericanhistory&bcpid= &bclid= &bctid=
Worcester picture: mb/4/4e/Worcester.jpg/225px-Worcester.jpg
Marshall picture: media.jsp?id=m-7687

39. Cherokee Indian Society and the Trail of Tears

41. Cherokee Indian Society
Matrilineal Society
Confederacy of States made up the nation
The Cherokee settlements looked very much like a ‘fort’ or ‘town’ with several ‘log cabins’, small gardens, fruit trees, and a central ‘long house’ on a raised mound for gatherings and decision making. 
The Long House, or Council House, was also used for religious functions, such as weddings and festivals. 
1800s- began to adopt white culture
- Government
- Dress
- Home building techniques
- Farming techniques
Hothouses- dome shaped houses (winter houses)

42. Cherokee Attempts to Co-Exist with Settlers
1. Large Scale Farming
A. Adopted European methods of growing crops
B. Used modern equipment
2. Americanized Education
A. Young Cherokee sent to eastern boarding schools
B. Learned English and many other common subjects
3. Adopted Christianity
A. Missionaries
4. Written Constitution
A. 1827
B. Declared their status as a sovereign nation
5. Written language and newspaper
A. Cherokee syllabary
B. Only Indian tribe with a written language
C Cherokee Phoenix published

43. Question
When you get home from school today, the authorities tell you and your family that you have to leave your home immediately. The reason you have to leave is because the government wants your home. You can take nothing but the clothes you have on your back. Question: How would this make you feel? Do you think this would be a just reason in forcing you to leave your home? Why or why not?

44. The Trail of Tears

46. Chief John Ross First and only elected Chief of the Cherokee Nation
Fought against Indian removal
Helped to organize the Cherokee nation
- Wrote Constitution
- Election of a Principal Chief
Protested to the national government selling Cherokee lands in the 1832 land lottery- won but was not enforced
Protested the Treaty of New Echota but was ignored by Jackson

47. The Treaty of New Echota (1835)
Cherokees refused to leave their homes when the Indian Removal Act was signed
A select group of Cherokees (Major and John Ridge, Elias Boudinot and Stand Watie (Ridge’s nephews)) signed the Treaty of New Echota
The treaty exchanged the title to all Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi for $5 million and a large piece of land in Oklahoma.
PROBLEM: There were only a select few that signed the treaty, not the majority of the Cherokee death warrant
Ridge and his followers left (2000) stayed Trail of Tears

48. Treaty of New Echota Traitors
John Ridge
Major Ridge
Elias Boudinot
Stand Watie

49. The Trail of Tears
General Winfield Scott ordered to remove the remaining 15,000 Cherokee
Placed in stockades where hundreds died of illness (internment camps)
Two routes taken
Crowded boats using a river passage
800 mile walk to new Indian territory
- Food was scare
- Starvation and illness
Emigrated-move out or away from
ANuna-da-ut-sun’y- “The trail where they cried”

50. Trail of Tears Map

51. Trail of Tears Movie http://video.pbs.org/video/1101800846/
Start at 15 and let it run

52. Trail of Tears Quotes and Primary Experiences
“I fought through the Civil War and have seen men shot to pieces and slaughtered by thousands, but the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.” – Georgia militiaman who participated in the “roundup” of the Cherokee Indians
Samuel’s Memory
Describe their experience (What happened to him and his family)
How did they feel?
Cherokee Indian legend of the Cherokee Rose

53. Essay Question Write 5-7 sentences answering the question below
Do you think the United States was justified in removing the Creek and Cherokee Indians? Why or why not?
In your answer think about the societies of each tribe..were they peaceful/warrior, did they adopt white culture, etc.
You must have 3 supporting ideas from your notes in this essay (Maps, documents, treaties, white/Indian conflicts, Trail of Tears, etc.)
If it helps, write your essay from the point of view of either an Indian, or a white settler.

54. References
Cherokee Society:
Map of Cherokee Lands:
Trail of Tears Picture: tc.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/images/4tear44b.jpg
John Ross:
Winfield Scott:
Cherokee Rose: tateflowers/georgiastateflowers/georgia-state-flower.jpg

55. References Traitor slide:
_a-k/king/King_MajorRidge.jpg
/images/BO025.jpg
s/v010p540photo.jpg