1. Aggregate Supply/Aggregate Demand
Combined Chapters
Aggregate Supply/Aggregate Demand
Fiscal
Classical/Keynesian
Multiplier

2. CHAPTER 10- Real GDP and PL in Long Run

3. GDP 2007 to 2010

4. OK… One more time….. Component parts of GDP? C + I + G + (X-M) = GDP
Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve (LRAS)
A vertical line representing the real output of goods and services after full adjustment has occurred
It represents the real GDP of the economy under conditions of full employment; the economy is on its production possibilities curve

5. The Production Possibilities and the Economy’s Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve5

6. Output Growth and the Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve (cont'd)
LRAS is vertical
Input prices fully adjust to changes in output prices
Suppliers have no incentive to increase output
Unemployment is at the natural rate
Determined by endowments and technology (or existing resources) 10 6

7. Output Growth and the Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve (cont'd)
Growth is shown by outward shifts of either the production possibilities curve or the LRAS curve caused by
Growth of population and the labor-force participation rate
Capital accumulation
Improvements in technology 11 7

8. Think: Why does AD slope downward?
Vertical axis represents
Price level for ALL final goods
And services
The aggregate price level
Is measured by either GDP
Deflator or CPI
Price level
The horizontal axis represents
the real quantity of all G&S
purchased as measured by the
level of REAL GDP AD
Real domestic output, GDP

9. Figure 10-4 The Aggregate Demand Curve
As the price level rises, real GDP declines 9

10. ASSUMPTION for Aggregate demand IS: If Price level is decreasing, so are incomes.

11. There are 3 Reasons that cause the Aggregate
Demand Curve to be downward sloping.
Real Balance Effect (Wealth effect)
Interest Rate Effect
International Trade Effect

12. Real Balance Effect
Price level falls- causes purchasing power to rise… translates into more money to spend or monetary wealth improves.
Real Balance Effect (or wealth effect) – Higher price level means less consumption spending.

13. Real Balance Effect The change in the purchasing power of dollar-
Relates to assets that result from a change in the price level

14. Interest Rate Effect
Inverse relationship between price level and quantity demanded of GDP – because households and businesses adjust to interest rates for those interest-sensitive purchases.
Price level falls (bundle of goods costs less) rest of money into savings, more money available for borrowing interest rate down.
Think of money as stationary… demand drives up price of money.

15. Interest Rate continued
Now if bundle of goods increases… want to purchase interest sensitive good, cost to borrow is up.
An increase in money demand will drive up the price paid for its use
… use of money = interest rate
As price level rises, houses and firms require more money to handle transactions…

16. International Trade Effect (Open Economy Effect)
FYI: An open economy is global, a closed economy is domestic.
The Open Economy Effect
Higher price levels result in foreigners’ desiring to buy fewer American-made goods while Americans desire more foreign-made goods (i.e., net exports fall).
Equivalent to a reduction in the amount of real goods and services purchased in the U.S.
When Demand for exports decreases, this is an unfavorable balance of trade (imports exceed exports) 25 16

17. Macro AD vs Micro D Aggregate Demand versus Demand for a Single Good
When the aggregate demand curve is derived, we are looking at the entire circular flow of income and product.
When a market demand curve is derived, we are looking at a single product in one market only. 26 17

18. Change in QAD and Change in AD
What is the difference? PL PL A B
AD 2
AD1
GDP
GDP

19. Change in Consumer Spending Consumption
DETERMINANTS OF AGGREGATE DEMAND
Change in Consumer Spending
Consumption
Consumer Wealth
Consumer Expectations (expect higher prices)
Interest rate (interest sensitive durables)
Taxes

20. Changes in Investment Spending
Real Interest Rates (rates high- not much I taking place)
Expected Future Sales (health of economy- confidence is big)
Business Taxes (higher taxes less profit)

21. Government Spending
This will be discussed further, but anytime government spends, it has an affect on GDP.
Infrastructure – Health Care Supplies for military
Education
Etc.

22. Net Export Spending
National Income Abroad-(when foreign nations do well, their incomes are higher- can buy more U.S. goods and services. – U.S. exports rise)
Exchange Rates- Price of one nation’s currency in terms of another. Dollar vs Euro
Our currency appreciates if it takes more foreign $ to buy it.. (depreciates if it takes more of ours to buy theirs.) $1.00 to $1.25 Euro.
Depreciation of nation’s currency makes foreign goods more expensive (but attracts foreigners to buy our goods.) Our exports rise. *this is why the Fed has not worried about our low dollar valuation.

23. Long-Run Equilibrium and the Price Level
For the economy as a whole, long-run equilibrium occurs at the price level where the aggregate demand curve (AD) crosses the long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS). 37 23

24. Figure 10-5 Long-Run Economywide Equilibrium24

25. SRAS
Period where adjustment occurs.

26. AD and SRAS

27. Can a Change in Money Supply Change AD?
Real
Rate Of
Interest D2 D1
Money Supply
Can a Change in Money Supply Change AD?
Probably… but it is a chain of events. MS changes, then Interest Rates, then chance in consumption
and investment. Then Change in AD

28. Long Run Aggregate Supply
LRASLR
Price level
Long-run
Aggregate
Supply
Full-Employment Qf Q
Real domestic output, GDP

29. Unanticipated Increase in Aggregate Demand
LRAS
Goods & Services (real GDP)
Price level P
100 Y F
SRAS1
AD1
AD2
Short-run effects of an unanticipated increase in AD P
105 Y 2
In response to an unanticipated increase in AD for goods & services (shift from AD1 to AD2), prices will rise to P105 and output will temporarily exceed full-employment capacity (increases to Y2).

30. Growth in Aggregate SupplyF2
LRAS2
LRAS1
Goods & Services (real GDP)
Price level Y F AD P 1
SRAS1 F1
SRAS2 P 2 Y F2
Here we illustrate the impact of economic growth due to capital formation or a technological advancement, for example.
Both LRAS and SRAS increase (to LRAS2 and SRAS2); the full employment output of the economy expands from YF1 to YF2.
A sustainable, higher level of real output and real income is the result. ***If the money supply is held constant, a new long-run equilibrium will emerge at a larger output rate (YF2) and lower price level (P2).

31. Effects of Adverse Supply Shock
LRAS
Goods & Services (real GDP)
Price level AD Y F P
100
SRAS1 (Pr1) A
SRAS2 (Pr2) B P
110 Y 2
The higher resource prices shift the SRAS curve to the left; in the short-run, the price level rises to P110 and output falls to Y2.
What happens in the long-run depends on whether the reduction in the supply of resources is temporary or permanent.
If temporary, resource prices fall in the future, permitting the economy to return to its original equilibrium (A).
If permanent, the productive potential of the economy will shrink (LRAS shifts to the left) and (B) will become the long-run equilibrium.

32. DEMAND-PULL INFLATION
INCREASES IN AD:
DEMAND-PULL INFLATION P
AD1
AD2 AS P2
Price Level P1 Q Qf Q1 Q2
Real Domestic Output, GDP

33. DECREASES IN AS: COST-PUSH INFLATIONb
Price Level a P1
AD1 Q Q1 Qf
Real Domestic Output, GDP

35. Non-governmental actions that shift AS Shift AS left:
Raw materials cost rise
Wages rise faster than productivity
Worker productivity decreases
Obsolescence
Wars
Natural disasters

36. Fiscal Policy Governmental actions that shift AD Shift AD right:
Govt spending increases
Taxes decreases
Money Supply increases
Shift AD left:
G decreases
T increases
MS decreases

37. Chapter 11 Classical vs. Keynesian

38. CLASSICAL BELIEVES: Markets will behave according to S&D.
In other words. S&D will respond accordingly to “Inflationary Gap, Recessionary Gap, and long run stability when all curves intersect.

39. Basic Macroeconomic Relationships
Say’s Law
How Classical Works (or not)
Interest Rate and Investment
Income and Consumption (or savings)
Changes in spending and changes in output

40. SAY’S LAW
Economists agree Says law works in Barter economy and disagree about if it works in a money economy.
Supply creates its own demand… baker bakes enough bread to trade for what he wants.
That works.
Classical economics believes it works in money economy and here is why.

41. The Classical Model (cont'd)
Classical economists—Adam Smith, J.B. Say, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Malthus, A.C. Pigou, and others—wrote from the 1770s to the 1930s.
They assumed wages and prices were flexible, and that competitive markets existed throughout the economy. 41

42. The Classical Model (cont'd)
Assumptions of the classical model
Pure competition exists.
Wages and prices are flexible.
People are motivated by self-interest.
People cannot be fooled by money illusion. 42

43. The Classical Model Consequences of The Assumptions
If the role of government in the economy is minimal,
If pure competition prevails, and all prices and wages are flexible,
If people are self-interested, and do not experience money illusion,
Then problems in the macroeconomy will be temporary and the market will correct itself. 43

44. Classical Theory
Classical economists believed that prices, wages and interest rates are flexible.
Say’s law says when economy produces a certain level of real GDP, it also generates the income needed to purchase that level of real GDP.) hence, always capable of achieving the natural level of GDP.
Fallacy here: no guarantee that the income received will be used to purchase g & s.----some will be saved.
But theory would be redeemed, if the savings goes into equal needed amounts of investment.

45. Classical belief on wages and prices
Believed all markets competitive- (S&D * Key) – adjust to surplus and shortage….
If oversupply of labor, wage rates drop and S&D of labor will be in sinc.
What holds for wages also applies to prices.
Prices adjust quickly to surplus or shortages
Equilibrium established again.

46. Three States of the Economy
Real GDP is less than Natural Real GDP (recessionary gap)
Real GDP is more than Natural Real GDP (inflationary gap)
Real GDP is equal to Natural Real GDP.
What is Natural Real GDP?
Real GDP that is produced at the natural unemployment rate. (which we agree around 5%)

47. Key: Wage rates and prices will adjust quickly to surplus or shortage
In recession- unemployment rate higher than natural rate.
Surplus exists in labor market
Drives down wage rate
4) In inflationary gap, unemployment lower than natural rate
5) Shortage exists in labor market
6) Drives up the wage rate

48. Effect of a Decrease in Aggregate Demand in the Classical Model48

49. BOTH THEORIES CLASSICAL AND KEYNESIAN DO AGREE……
TWO THINGS WE CAN DO WITH DISPOSABLE INCOME-
SPEND OR SAVE!
We all know that consumption is 2/3 (or more) of GDP

50. ***Classical theorists say, the funds from aggregate savings eventually borrowed and turned into investment expenditures which are a component of real GDP
BUT…. What if no or low savings?
Theory breaks down here – have to have equal amounts of investment for savings.
(the idea here is that savings leads to investment) This is true… but it probably won’t do it by itself. Needs assistance through monetary or perhaps fiscal policy.

51. The Classical View of the Credit Market
In classical theory, the interest rate is flexible and adjusts so that saving equals investment.
If saving increases and the saving curve shifts rightward the increase in saving eventually puts pressure on the interest rate and moves it downward.
A new equilibrium is established where once again the amount households save equals the amount firms invest.

52. Long-run Equilibrium
The condition where the Real GDP the economy is producing is equal to the Natural Real GDP and the unemployment rate is equal to the natural unemployment rate.

53. Recessionary (Contractionary) Gap
The economy is currently in short-run equilibrium at a Real GDP level of Q1.
QN is Natural Real GDP or the potential output of the economy.
Notice that Q1< QN. When this condition (Q1< QN) exists, the economy is said to be in a recessionary gap.

54. Inflationary (Expansionary) Gap
The condition where the Real GDP the economy is producing is greater than the Natural Real GDP and the unemployment rate is less than the natural unemployment rate.

55. Policy Implication Laissez-faire
Classical, new classical, and monetarist economists believe that the economy is self-regulating. For these economists, full employment is the norm: The economy always moves back to Natural Real GDP.
Laissez-faire
A public policy of not interfering
with market activities in the economy.

56. 25% unemployment Banks closed Production ceased Drought hit
Then what happened?
25% unemployment
Banks closed
Production ceased
Drought hit
Stocks worthless
No money for purchases
No jobs
Bleak!
AS 1 AD AS
AD 1 P R I C E L V
GDP

57. Bottom Line
Classical viewpoint-
not possible to overproduce goods because the production of those goods would always generate a demand that was sufficient to purchase the goods.
(what would they say about the recent inventories of our auto industry?)

58. In 1939- per capital income was still 10% less than in 1929.
Keynesian Ideas
The classical approach fell into disrepute during the economic decline of the 30’s. Real GDP fell by more than 30%
In per capital income was still 10% less than in 1929.
*U.S. began to embrace John Maynard Keynes’s theory of stimulating the economy through aggregate demand (Lord Keynes) had studied classical economics and wrote his famous General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. (which was a complete rebuttal of the classical theory)

59. Keynesian in a Nutshell

60. Keynes’s View of Say’s Law in a Money Economy
According to Keynes, a decrease in consumption and subsequent increase in saving may not be matched by an equal increase in investment. Thus, a decrease in total expenditures may occur.
To learn more about John Maynard Keynes, click his photo above.

61. John Maynard Keynes and the Great Depression
Keynes’ criticism: In a recession,
Wages would not fall.
Prices would not fall.
Self-regulation could not occur.
The economy could get “stuck” with high unemployment.
Classical Economics: In a recession,
Wages will fall (more will be hired)
Prices will fall (more will be bought)
The economy self-regulates, and
Moves back to full-employment GDP

62. Keynes’ Prescription
For an economy “stuck” at a high unemployment equilibrium,
Self-regulation was not working.
A “jumpstart” was needed:
An injection of new spending to get the economy moving again.
The only spender who could do this was Government.

63. Keynesian Economics Works only on the AD curve
Assumes AS is stationary
Critics of Keynes:
…But this will cause deficits!
…But the government can’t spend that much!

64. The Economy Gets “Stuck” in a Recessionary Gap
If the economy is in a recessionary gap at point 1, Keynes held that wage rates may not fall.
The economy may be stuck in the recessionary gap.

65. Real GDP and the price level, 1934–1940
Keynesian Economics and the Keynesian Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve (cont'd)
Real GDP and the price level, 1934–1940
Keynes argued that in a depressed economy, increased aggregate spending can increase output without raising prices.
Data showing the U.S. recovery from the Great Depression seem to bear this out.
In such circumstances, real GDP is demand driven. 65

66. Keynesian Economics was the answer to Classical economic theories and the suggested way to “jump-start” the economy again… pull out of the depression.
Idea: Government enters the economy.
Stimulates the economy through Aggregate Demand.
Fiscal policy would move the production engine by stimulating “spending.”
increased employment, jobs would be filled, production would begin
people would purchase with money they earned from jobs.

67. Classical vs. Keynes I

68. A Question of How Long It Takes for Wage Rates and Prices to Fall
Suppose the economy is in a recessionary gap at point 1.
Wage rates are $10 per hour, and the price level is P1.
The issue may not be whether wage rates and the price level fall, but how long they take to reach long-run levels
The speed at which wage rate falls is a key
To whether Keynesian or Classical theory
Is more valid. Answers never for sure.

69. Keynes rejected the classical notion of self-adjustment, (
Keynes rejected the classical notion of self-adjustment, (????) and he predicted things would get worse once a spending shortfall emerged.
Example:
Business expectations of future sales worsens.
Business investment is cut back.
Unsold capital goods begins to pile up (includes office equip. machinery, airplanes, etc.)
*this is an “undesired” change…
Worsened sales expectations causes decline in investment spending that shifts the AD curve to the left leading to pileups of unwanted inventory.

70. Example: Are the U.S. and European SRAS Curves Horizontal?
Keynesians contend that the SRAS is essentially flat.
Based on research, they contend SRAS is horizontal because firms adjust their prices about once a year.
If the SRAS schedule were really horizontal, how could the price level ever increase? 70

71. Keynesian Theory LRAS P R I C E L V AD 2 AD 3 *Price Goes up AD 1 AS
Real GDP Output
Keynesian Theory
AD unstable, prices and wages are inflexible AD no effect on prices until LRAS

72. Figure 11-9 Real GDP Determination with Fixed versus Flexible Prices72

73. Table 11-2 Determinants of Aggregate Supply

74. QUESTIONS?