1. The West

2. Push Factors ? What causes people to leave?
What forces people to move?
Think about- What pushed you out of bed today?

3. Pull Factors What leads people to a certain location?
What attracts people to relocate to a specific place?
What pulled you to U.S. History today?

4. Push Factors to the West
Overcrowding
Need for job
Ethnic and religious repression
Refuge for Outlaws

5. Pull Factors Land (cheap and plentiful) Riches (gold, silver, oil)
Freedom of religious beliefs
Family connection
Jobs and new opportunity
adventure

6. What are some modern day examples of push/pull factors?

7. Homestead Act
Federal land policy and the completion of the transcontinental railroad led to the rapid settlement of American west
Passed in 1862 to encourage settlement of the Plains area
Gave 160 acres of land to settlers if they improved the land and live on it

8. Homestead Act Must farm the land for 5 years Paid $10 for the land
Land speculators- took advantage of the situation
They used the land for profit
They took advantage of the settlers

9. Oklahoma
In 1889, a major governmental land giveaway in what is now Oklahoma attracted thousands- Boomers
In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed by settlers
Some took possession before the government had officially declared it open – thus Oklahoma became known as the “Sooner State”

10. Oklahoma Land Rush

11. 55 Indian nations had been forced into Indian Territory, which contained the largest unsettled farmland in the U.S. (about 2 million unassigned acres). During the 1880s, squatters overran the land, and Congress agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the land. On the morning of April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at the territory’s borders. At the stroke of noon, bugles blew, pistols fired, and the eager hordes surged forward, racing to stake a claim.

12. By sundown, these settlers, called boomers, had staked claims on almost 2 million acres. Many Boomers discovered that some of the best lands had been grabbed by Sooners, people who had sneaked past the government officials earlier to mark their claims. Under pressure from settlers, Congress created the Oklahoma Territory in In the following years, the remainder of Indian Territory was open to settlement.

13. Exodusters head West
African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas were called Exodusters
Many exodusters took advantage of land deals
Named after the book of Exodus in which Jews fled from Egypt

14. Mormons Founded by Joseph Smith
Faced persecution based on belief of Polygamy
Polygamy- more than one wife
Smith was killed in Illinois
Brigham Young lead them on migration west to Great Salt Lake

15. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad by the Union and Pacific Railroad companies marked a major accomplishment in U.S. transportation. For the first time in American history, East and West coasts were linked by the railroad, making transportation of people and goods from East to West much easier and faster.
In their race to build railroads, the Central and Union Pacific Railroad Companies would recruit immigrants, most notably the Chinese, to work on the rails.

16. Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Act- passed in 1862 by Lincoln
It promoted the construction of a railroad across the country.

17. Transcontinental Railroad
Government grants land to railroads
Central Pacific- build east using Chinese labor
Union Pacific- build west using Irish labor
Two lines meet at Promontory Point, Utah
Accidents, disease disable and killed thousands every year

18. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868
The transcontinental railroad was completed in The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a Golden Spike

19. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad by the Union and Pacific Railroad companies marked a major accomplishment in U.S. transportation. For the first time in American history, East and West coasts were linked by the railroad, making transportation of people and goods from East to West much easier and faster.
In their race to build railroads, the Central and Union Pacific Railroad Companies would recruit immigrants, most notably the Chinese, to work on the rails.

21. Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869

22. Morrill Land Grant Act
Gave federal land to the states to organize agricultural colleges
Led to farming innovations
Colleges built Penn St, Texas A&M, NC State and NC A&T

23. New Farming Technology
Farming in the region was very hard at first.
Technology made it easier.
John Deere- invented the steel plow-
Cyrus McCormick- invented the mechanical reaper
Steel Windmill- pumped underground water to the surface

24. Life of the Farm Most settlers built their homes from the land itself
Pioneers often dug their homes out of the sides of ravines or hills (Dugouts)
Those in the flat plains made freestanding homes made of turf (Soddies)

25. Sod Houses Blocks of prairie turfs Warm in winter Cool in summer
Small poorly lit
Haven for snakes and insects

26. Sod Houses on the Frontier

27. Hardships on the Plains
The frontier settlers faced extreme hardships – droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and bandits
Isolation miles from other settlers
Despite hardships, the number of people living west of the Mississippi grew from 1% of the nation’s population in 1850 to almost 30% in 1900

28. Open Range Great Plains- Kansas to Texas
No boundaries to man or cattle
Open area free for cattle and men to roam.
Low population

29. Cattle Kingdom Greater demand for beef in urban areas
Ranching becomes a profitable business
Chisholm Trail-major cattle drive trail
Abilene- major cattle town

30. Cowboys Learned to be Cowboys from the Mexicans
1/5th of the Cowboys were black or Hispanic
Long hard day, very dangerous and lonely work

31. Long Drive Round-up cattle for Long drive
Longhorn- could survive the long journey
Journey taking the cattle to the market
Lasts about 3 months

33. TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

34. VOCABULARY BORROWED
Vanilla, bronco, mustang, chaps, mosquito, pronto, tuna, stampede, tornado, chili, cigar, shack, savvy, siesta, wrangler, lasso, lariat, ranch, corral, burro, canyon, bandit, fiesta, guerrilla, hurricane, matador, plaza, rodeo, vigilante, desperado, cockroach, buckaroo
MEXICAN “VAQUEROS” (COW MAN) PROVIDED THE VOCABULARY FOR THE AMERICAN COWBOY

35. Cowboys worked hours a day on a ranch and even more on the Trail, alert at all times for any dangers to the herd. A cowboy’s season might begin with the spring roundup (branding), followed by the long drive. The cowboy life was dangerous and lonely, which is why many celebrated in the cow towns (like Abilene) upon arrival.

36. “We went back to look for him, and we found him…horse and man mashed into the ground as flat as a pancake….We tried to think that lightning hit him, and that was what we wrote his folks…but we couldn’t believe it ourselves. I’m afraid it wasn’t the lightning. I’m afraid.. They both went down before the stampede.”
~Teddy Abbott, cowboy

37. The Old Chisholm Trail
Come along boys and listen to my tale, I'll tell you of my troubles on the old Chisholm trail.
Come a ti yi yippee, come a ti yi yea, Come a ti yi yippee, come a ti yi yea.
Oh, a ten-dollar hoss and a forty-dollar saddle, And I'm goin' to punchin' Texas cattle.
I wake in the mornin' afore daylight, And afore I sleep the moon shines bright.
It's cloudy in the west, a-lookin' like rain, And my durned old slicker's in the wagon again.
No chaps, no slicker, and it's pourin' down rain, And I swear, by gosh, I'll never night-herd again.
Feet in the stirrups and seat in the saddle, I hung and rattled with them long-horn cattle.
The wind commenced to blow, and the rain began to fall, Hit looked, by grab, like we was goin' to lose 'em all.
I don't give a darn if they never do stop; I'll ride as long as an eight-day clock.
We rounded 'em up and put 'em on the cars, And that was the last of the old Two Bars.
It's bacon and beans most every day, I'd as soon be a-eatin' prairie hay.
I went to the boss to draw my roll, He had it figgered out I was nine dollars in the hole.
Goin' back to town to draw my money, Goin' back home to see my honey.
With my knees in the saddle and my seat in the sky, I'll quit punchin' cows in the sweet by and by.

38. Home On The Range
Oh, give me a home where the buffalo roam Where the deer and the antelope play Where seldom is heard a discouraging word And the skies are not cloudy all day Home, home on the range Where the deer and the antelope play Where seldom is heard a discouraging word And the skies are not cloudy all day How often at night where the heavens are bright With the light of the glittering stars Have I stood there amazed and asked as I gazed If their glory exceeds that of ours Then give me a land where the bright diamond sand Flows leisurely down to the stream Where the graceful white swan goes gliding along Like a maid in a heavenly dream Oh I would not exchange my old home on the range Where the deer and the antelope play Where the seldom is heard a discouraging word And the skies are not cloudy all day

39. End of the Open Range
Almost as soon as ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end
Too many cattle and overgrazing, disease and drought caused the decline
Barbed wire fences ended the open range
Invented by Joseph Glidden

40. Mining Gold Rushes- people moved west quickly
Sutter’s Mill, Black Hills of the Dakota Territory
Comstock Lode- Nevada largest discovery of precious metals in U.S. history

41. Mining Life Large mix of people Many opportunities for everyone
Saloons gambling
Violent towns with no police
Hard luck
Made little or no money had to stay west

42. Boom/Ghost Towns
Boomtowns built quickly accommodate miners and they were abandoned just as quickly

43. Dime novels that told western tales
“Wild West”
Legend of adventure
Wild Bill Hickok
Calamity Jane
Wyatt Earp
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
Annie Oakley
Dime novels that told western tales
Romanticized the West
Only lasted 30 years
Wild Bill Hickok
Calamity Jane
Jesse James
Wyatt Earp
Billy the Kid

44. ~Frederick Jackson Turner
Decline of Farming
Rise of Industry- big businesses back east provided jobs
Urbanization- growth of cities pull many back East to work in factories
End of the Frontier
Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis
Claimed that the frontier captured American spirit and made America unique
Now…the frontier has gone and with its going has closed the first period of American history.”
~Frederick Jackson Turner

45. Decline of Farming Great debts- farm machinery expensive= debt
Drought and low market prices= debt
Railroad charges- charging western farmers more because there is no competition
“No other system of taxation has borne as heavily on the people as those extortions and inequalities of railroad charges.”
~Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1881
Atlantic Monthly

46. Plains Indians
NCSCOS Goal 4
Page 27

47. Plains Indians
Nomadic lifestyle-move from place to place following food supply
Warfare among tribes
Communal living
Common use of tribal land
Did not believe in individual ownership of the land

48. The Horse and The Buffalo
The introduction of horses by the Spanish (1598) and later guns, meant natives were able to travel and hunt
While the horse provided speed and mobility, it was the buffalo that provided for basic needs
Buffalo was the key to survival
They used every part of the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter and weapons

49. The buffalo provided the Plains Indians with more than just a high-protein food source:
The skull of the buffalo was considered sacred and was used in many Native American rituals.
The horns were carved into bowls and spoons.
The bones of the buffalo were made into hide scrappers, tool handles, sled runners, and hoe blades. The hoofs were ground up and used as glue.
The hide was by far the most precious part of the buffalo. Native American clothing, tepees, and even arrow shields were made from buffalo hide.

50. FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS
Small extended families were the norm
Men were hunters, while women helped butcher the game and prepare it
Tribes were very spiritual and land was communal
OSAGE TRIBE

54. Settlers Push Westward
The white settlers who pushed westward had a different idea about land ownership
Concluding that the plains were “unsettled, “ thousands advanced to claim land
Gold being discovered in Colorado only intensified the rush for land

55. The Government Restricts Natives
As more and more settlers headed west, the U.S. government increasingly protected their interests
Railroad Companies also influenced government decisions
Railroads greatly impacted Native American lives

56. Conflict
1834 – Government set aside all of the Great Plains as “Indian lands”
1850s- Government shifts policy, giving natives much smaller lands
Government took away hunting grounds and began to massacre the buffalo

57. Broken Treaties Treaties were broken Indians forced onto reservations
Government payments and supplies were not delivered as promised
Continued to slaughter the buffalo

58. Buffalo herds often ripped up train track and caused a problem for the railroads

59. Many American hunters removed the buffalo hides in order to sell them, but left hundreds of thousands of carcasses to rot on the plains.
This type!

60. Tanning Tanneries paid hunters $1 to $3 for hides
Hides were sent east to be used as belts on industrial machines
Hunters often left carcasses and other potential uses of the buffalo were wasted

61. “Kill every buffalo you can. Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone
“Kill every buffalo you can. Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone.” ~A United States Army Officer

62. US INDIAN POLICY
Take away the food source from the Native American and they will be forced to submit and go to the reservations.

63. Indian Wars:

64. Clash Begins
Indian uprisings due to broken promises and movement of white settlers on the Great Plains
Treaties were often negotiated by unauthorized tribal leaders which made them easy to break

65. Dakota Wars 1862
Live near Minnesota relations with whites good at first
1862 insects wiped out crops and government help never came, they were starving
Chief Little Crow led warriors on rampage killing hundreds of whites
Army put rebellion down first real outbreak of violence on the Great Plains

66. Sand Creek Massacre
1864 Colonel John Chivington leads a massacre of the Cheyenne tribe
Surprise attack at dawn kills 400 natives, mostly women and children
Massacre was down under a white flag truce by Chief Battle Kettle

67. Colonel John Chivington
“Kill and scalp all, big and little!” Sand Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

68. Red Cloud War
Gold is discovered in Montana in 1863 and miners began moving into the area
Passed through Sioux country to get there and Sioux began to attack them
Military brought in to defeat the Lakota, led by Red Cloud and his warriors (one of whom was Crazy Horse)
Fetterman and 80 soldiers massacred

69. Red Cloud War
After two years of fighting, U.S. conceded victory to the Sioux- noteworthy for 2 reasons:
Only WAR ever won by Indians against U.S.
Sioux were guaranteed all of Western S.D. in treaty, including Black Hills; also free to roam in unpopulated areas

70. Battle of Little Bighorn
Gold is found in the Black Hills of the Dakotas
Sioux try to defend territory promised to them in the Treaty of Fort Laramie
Army sends George Armstrong Custer to move Sioux off the land

71. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Ogalala Sioux) were two chiefs who refused to sign the treaty.
All Indians ordered back onto reservation
"One does not sell the earth upon which the people walk" Crazy Horse

72. Little Big Horn River, Montana - 1876
George Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their reservations (part of a larger force).
He was in command of the 7th Calvary.
June 26, 1876

73. Battle of Little Bighorn 1876
1876 Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead a large force of 2500 Natives near Little Bighorn River in Montana
Custer was heavily outnumbered
He and 220 of his men were massacred
This was called “Custer’s Last Stand”

74. Battle of Little Bighorn
Last Major Native American victory
Americans and the government were outraged
Sioux were crushed in the following years
Best and worst thing to happen to the Native Americans

75. Painting-Little Bighorn

76. Memorial-Little Bighorn

77. -Led by Chief Joseph, they refused to go to reservation
Indian Wars
-Nez Perce Indians, 1877
-Led by Chief Joseph, they refused to go to reservation
Fled into Canada with the Army chasing them down
-chased by the Army for over 1000 miles until captured
-”I will fight no more forever”
“Hear me, my chiefs, my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more against the white man.”
~Chief Joseph

78. Apache Wars
Apaches led by Mangas Colorados & Cochise, were the last Indian resistance to whites
Mangas killed during Civil War
Cochise died in 1874
Successor, Geronimo -fought whites for the next 10 years

79. Genocide
Genocide  The planned destruction and elimination of a particular ethnic or religious group
Americans viewed Native Americans and Indians as a hindrance to their ambitions
The government supported policies that would remove Indians from the path of white settlement
Wanted to Americanize Indians
Wanted to end nomadic lifestyle of Indians

80. Conflict
Tribes of the Great Plains clashed with one another over hunting rights due to scarcity of the buffalo
Tribes were forced to hunt further from home & often entered the territory of rival tribes
Being further from home made settlement vulnerable to raids

81. Starvation Lack of buffalo forced Indians to rely on agriculture
If weather caused crops to fail, Indians had no food to sustain themselves

82. Loss of Traditional Culture
Indians would have to adapt to life without the buffalo
1850: 13 million buffalo
1880s: less than a thousand buffalo

83. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO
The most significant blow to tribal life on the plains was the destruction of the buffalo
Tourist and fur traders shot buffalo for sport
1800: 65 million buffalo roamed the plains
1890: less than 1000 remained
SHIRTLESS HUNTER WITH HIS KILL

85. Century of Dishonor A book written by Helen Hunt Jackson
Book talked about the horribly treatment and the broken promises of the federal government towards the Native Americans
Book treat attention to the mistreatment

86. ~Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonoror
“The history of the Government connections with the Indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises.”
“There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers”
“It makes little difference…where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stains.”
~Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonoror

87. Dawes Act The Dawes Act of 1887 attempted to assimilate natives
Give up their Native lives and culture for the White culture
The Act called for the break up of reservations and the introduction of natives into American life
160 acres was given to each family to farm
By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken

88. Dawes Act of 1887 U.S. INDIAN POLICY Quicker Americanization
Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society
Adopt Christianity and White education
Individual land ownership
Abandon tribe, culture and become farmers
Male claimed 160 acres of land
Children would be sent to Indian schools
Farm land for 25 years- then they owned it.
1924 gain citizenship and right to vote
Failed policy
Indian resistance and corruption

89. Assimilation Assimilation- education of Indians to be more like whites
Stripped of their land, culture, language, and religion
Carlisle Indian School- sent boys East to be educated like whites
Plan failed and caused alcohol abuse
Ended Native American life

90. Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania

91. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of life.
The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites and a return of Indian land.
The ritual lasted five successive days, being danced each night and on the last night continued until morning.
Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every six weeks.

92. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Ghost Dance movement spread to the Sioux
They religiously danced even after they were told to stop by reservation authorities.
Military went to arrest Sitting Bull, where he was killed.
Many Sioux followers left the reservation and joined Bigfoot’s group, who were now on the run

93. Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
GHOST DANCE
Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have fully informed you that the employees and the government property at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost Dancers. ... We need protection and we need it now ...nothing [short] of 1000 troops will stop this dancing."
Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,
Pine Ridge Agency
Ghost Dance 4

94. GHOST SHIRT
Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost Shirts which were to stop the penetration of American soldiers bullets……It gave them supernatural powers as was believed………
Ghost Shirt
Ghost Shirt

95. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
7th Calvary caught Bigfoot’s people near Wounded Knee, SD
They attempted to confiscate all weapons when a shot was fired.

96. HUNDREDS OF CORPSES WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON THE GROUND
BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE
On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry (Custer’s old regiment) rounded up 350 Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee, S.D.
A shot was fired – within minutes the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Natives
This event brought the “Indian Wars”– and an entire era to a bitter end
HUNDREDS OF CORPSES WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON THE GROUND

97. “I did not know then how much was ended
“I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream.”
~Black Elk

98. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites lay dead.
This is the last of the Indian conflicts.
Chief Big Foot

99. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a mass grave. The still frozen stiff bodies were dumped unceremoniously into the hole.
The United States handed out over twenty Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in the battle.