1. “Goodwill Valuation”

2. Goodwill – The most intangible of all Assets
Reflects the fact that an ongoing business had some "prudent value" beyond its assets
In accounting it is the excess cost required to acquire the business over the fair market value of all other assets.
Can be sold only with the business and appears as an asset on the balance sheet of the acquiring firm
Goodwill = Selling price as a going concern – Fair value of separate net assets
Goodwill = Selling price – (Assets – Liabilities)

3. Why does the Buyer Pay??
Buyer may be willing to pay more for a business as a going concern because of:
Strong Brand Name
Good customer relations
Good reputation
Well-known products
Patents or Proprietary Technology
Experienced and efficient employees and management team
Good relation with suppliers

4. Types of Goodwill Inherent Goodwill Goodwill generated internally
Its should not be recognized as an assets.
Inherent goodwill is only an estimation. Therefore, it should not be brought into the books, and no accounting entry is required.
It constitutes of internally generated brands, publishing titles, customer list, and items in similar substance
Purchased Goodwill (Enterprise Level Goodwill)
Generated during the acquisition of a business
It is the difference between the selling price of a business as a going concern and the total value of its separable net assets
Some companies may write it off immediately against reserves, or amortized through the profit and loss account over its useful economic life
Evaluated using market-value method

5. Accounting of Goodwill
1. Original Balance Sheet
4. Goodwill = P - FV identifiable net assets
3. Consideration paid = $400: new CSE
2. Fair values of identifiable assets
Entry: Cash AR Inventory PPE Patents Goodwill CL Cash 5

6. Goodwill –Negative “Badwill” or Bargain purchase
Fair value of acquired assets is greater than the purchase price
Record as an extra ordinary gain
Negative goodwill is recognized as a gain to the extent that it exceeds allocations to certain assets.
It is recognized in the income statement when the future losses and expenses are recognized.
If any excess remains after such assignment, remainder treated as an extraordinary gain into the books, and no accounting entry is required 6 6

7. GOODWILL
It is most widely known all persuasive intangible asset that arises on acquisition or generated internally.
Internally generated goodwill is dealt with by AS -26
Goodwill generated on acquisition is governed by AS 10.

8. GOODWILL...AS10
Goodwill, in general, is recorded in the books only when some consideration in money or money’s worth has been paid for it. Whenever a business is acquired for a price (payable either in cash or in shares or otherwise) which is in excess of the value of the net assets of the business taken over, the excess is termed as ‘goodwill’. Goodwill arises from business connections, trade name or reputation of an enterprise, Brand value or from other intangible benefits enjoyed by an enterprise. As a matter of financial prudence, goodwill is written off over a period. However, many enterprises do not write off goodwill and retain it as an asset.

9. Brand Equity …An Intangible asset
It is the value addition provided to a product or a company by its Brand Name . It is a financial premium that a buyer is willing to pay for the brand over a generic or less worthy brand .

10. How to Measure ?
Brand Earnings Multiple model is most widely used to measure the brand equity.
Steps :
Determine brand profits by eliminating the non brand profits from the total profits
Restate the historical profits at present day values.
Provide for the remuneration of capital to be used for purposes other than promotions of the brand .
Adjust for the taxes.
Determine the brand strength or brand earning multiple.

11. 11 11 11 11

12. AS 26
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another Accounting Standard. This Statement requires an enterprise to recognise an intangible asset if, and only if, certain criteria are met. Internally generated goodwill is dealt by AS 26

13. The key conditions are that:
The asset should be identifiable
The definition of an intangible asset requires that an intangible asset be identifiable. To be identifiable, it is necessary that the intangible asset is clearly distinguished from goodwill. Goodwill arising on an amalgamation in the nature of purchase presents a payment made by the acquirer in anticipation of future economic benefits. The future economic benefits may result from synergy between the identifiable assets acquired or from assets which, individually, do not qualify for recognition in the financial statements but for which the acquirer is prepared to make a payment in the amalgamation.

14. 2) The asset should be separable
An intangible asset can be clearly distinguished from goodwill if the
asset is separable. An asset is separable if the enterprise could rent, sell,
exchange or distribute the specific future economic benefits attributable to
the asset without also disposing of future economic benefits that flow from
other assets used in the same revenue earning activity.

15. Accounting for Goodwill in Partnership
Only purchased goodwill is to be brought into the accounts. In sole trader’s accounts, goodwill is to be recognized and recorded in the books only if the business is acquired as a going concern
In partnerships, however, goodwill is brought into the books whenever there is a change in the partnership such as:
Admission of a new partner
Retirement of an old partner
Change of the profit-sharing ratio
Each partner has a share of the profit-sharing ratio. At a change in the partnership, goodwill must be taken into account and shared among the existing partners, according to the existing profit-sharing ratio

16. Valuation of Goodwill
Subjective Judgment (Mainly applicable for Partnership firms)
Estimate the value of goodwill with reference to some intangible factors and according to their professional judgment
Average Sales/Fees/Profits Method
Under this method goodwill is calculated on the basis of the average of some agreed number of past years. The average is then multiplied by the agreed number of years.
Goodwill = Average Profits x Number of years of Purchase
The following adjustments should be made in the profits of the firm:
a. Any abnormal profits should be deducted from the net profits of that year.
b. Any abnormal loss should be added back to the net profits of that year.
c. Non operating incomes ex. income from investments  etc. should be deducted from the net profits of that year.

17. Average Sales Method Year Annual Sales 1995 100000 1996 200000
Goodwill is valued at 3 years’ purchase of the average annual sales of the past
3 years:
Average annual sales = ($ ) /3
= $200000
Goodwill = $ X 3
= $600000

18. Average Sales Method – Weighted Approach
Annual net profits for 2005 to 2008 were $25,000, $40,000, $75,000 and $60,000 respectively.
25,000 x ,000 x ,000 x ,000 x 4
= 57,000

19. Goodwill – Super Profits Method
No of Years Purchased Method - Goodwill is calculated on the basis of Super Profits i.e. the excess of actual profits over the average profits.
Example if the normal rate of return in a particular type of business is 20% and your investment in the business is Rs.10,00,000 then your normal profits should be Rs.2,00,000. But if you earned a net profit of Rs. 2,30,000 then Rs.2,30,000 - Rs.2,00,000= Rs.30,000 are your super profits.
For calculating Goodwill Super Profits are multiplied by the number of years of purchase.
Normal Profits = Capital Invested X Normal rate of return/100
Super Profits = Actual Profits - Normal Profits
Goodwill = Super Profits x No. of years purchased

20. Super Profits Method.. Cont.…
Sliding scale method:
This valuation is based on a more realistic assumption that super profits would decline over a period of time and after a certain period they would all together disappear.
Amount of super profits Number of years
Goodwill = 1000*4+1500*3+2000*2+3000*1
= 15500

21. Super Profits Method.. Cont.…
Annuity method:
This method takes into consideration the time value of money.
Based on the assumption that payment for goodwill is made on the basis of super profits which are to be earned in future.
Hence present value of super profits is computed to calculate the goodwill.
It requires expected rate of interest should be used to discount the future super profits.
Goodwill = Super Profits p.a * relevant annuity value

22. Super Profits Method.. Example
Chan is leaving the partnership, and goodwill is to be revalued at 3 years’ purchase of the super profit. The expected rate of return on net tangible assets is 10 %, after paying a management fee of $500. The calculation of the super profit is to be based on the average profits of the last four years. Net Tangible Assets are $50,000
Net profit from is $5000, $6500, $6500, $7000
Expected return on net tangible assets = Net tangible assets * 10%. Expected return is $5000.

23. Solution Average net profit (5000+6500+6500+7000) / 4 6250
( ) /
Management fee 500
Expected rate of return
on net tangible assets
Super profit
Goodwill = $750 x 3 = $2250

24. Goodwill - Capitalization Method
Capitalization of Average Profits Method: We calculate the average profits and then assess the capital needed for earning such average profits on the basis of normal rate of return. Such capital is called capitalized value of average profits. The formula is:-
Capitalized Value of Average Profits = Average Profits X (100 / Normal Rate of Return)
Capital Employed = Assets - Liabilities
Goodwill = Capitalized Value of Average Profits - Capital Employed
Capitalization of Super Profits: Under this method first of all we calculate the Super Profits and then calculate the capital needed for earning such super profits on the basis of normal rate of return. This Capital is the value of our Goodwill . The formula is:-
Goodwill = Super Profits X (100/ Normal Rate of Return)

25. Goodwill on Admission of New Partner
Chan and Wong were partners sharing profits and losses equally.
On 1 January 2009, they admitted Lee as a new partner who was required to introduce $600 as capital. The profits are now to be shared among Chan, Wong and Lee equally.
Goodwill is valued at $300. The balance sheet before the admission of the new partner is shown as follows:
Chan and Wong
as at 31 December 2009
Assets 1,200 Capital
Chan
Wong
1,200
1,200

26. Goodwill Account Opened
Capital: Chan (1/2) 150
Wong (1/2) 150
Balance C/F 300
300
300
Capital
Chan Wong Lee Chan Wong Lee
Balance B/F
Balance c/f
Goodwill
Cash

27. Goodwill Account opened
Balance Sheet
Assets
Capital
Goodwill
Chan
Other Assets (1, ) ,800
Wong
Lee
New capital balance
2,100
2,100

28. Goodwill on a change in the profit-sharing ratio
When there is a change in the profit-sharing ratio, the value of goodwill should also be re-assessed, so as to ascertain the amount of resources a partner has to give up ( in terms of a reduction in the relative capital balance) for the gain in his share of profits/loss.
Example
Yip, Chow and Au are partners in a trading firm and share profits and losses in the ratio 3:3:2.
On 31 December 2009, they wanted to change the profit-sharing ratio to 1:1:1.
The goodwill is revalued at $9,000.
The firm’s balance sheet on 31 December 2009 was:
Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2009
Goodwill ,000
Capital: Yip ,000
Other Assets ,000
Chow ,000
Au ,000
80,000
80,000

29. Goodwill account opened
Balance B/F ,000
Balance c/f ,000
Capital: Yip (3/8) ,000
Chow (3/8) ,000
Au (2/8) , ,000
9,000
9,000
Capital
Yip Chow Au Yip Chow Au
Balance b/f 30, , ,000
Balance c/f , , ,000
Goodwill , , ,000
33, , ,000
33, , ,000

30. Goodwill account opened
Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2010
Goodwill ,000
Capital
Other Assets ,000
Yip ,000
Chow ,000
Au ,000
88,000
88,000