1. Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil Industry

2. TERI Technologies

3. Sources of Environmental Impact
Exploration  Underwater explosions (250 db) disturbs communication and navigation of aquatic animals.
Drilling  Muds – oil, heavy metals, chemicals (CI, BCD, O2X, detergents  Land and water pollution (3826 MTs oil discharged in offshore in Britain in 1996)
Processing  Rigs & Pipelines  Noise, Light, Land & water pollution. Flaring of gas  Global warming – Climate Change.
Refining  SOx, NOx, Cox, SPM to Air, Solid waste to Land and Liquid effluent to water pollution.
Storage  Tank Bottom Sludge, Crude Oily Sludge, Emulsion Oily Sludge, Oily Sludge in Pit – Air, Water & Land pollution.
Transportation  Oil Spill , Leakage of pipe line  Water & Land (Farmer’s agricultural land).
Accidents  Oil Contaminated Site, Ship breaking at sea  water & land pollution. (223 oil spill in UK in 1996, Fire in Oil India Ltd, India, 2005)
War Land, Sea water pollution  Gulf War 1991, Lebanon Bombing etc.

4. Sources of Environmental Impacts

5. Sources of Environmental Impacts

6. Sources of Environmental Impacts

7. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

8. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

9. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on soil quality:
Oil contaminated soil looses its fertility for more than 20 years.
The texture and other physicochemical characteristics of the soil gets affected.
The mites and other insects can’t survive in oil contaminated land leading to major imbalance in the food chain.
Oil contamination has adverse effect on seed germination. Farmers loose its crops and are not able to grow agricultural crops for years after years.
Effect on economy of the farmers.
Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat:
A large percentage of the oil spills gets spread over the surface of the stagnant aquatic system resulting anaerobic environment in the water below the surface. This leads to death of the natural flora and fauna where oxygen is the key element for their respiration.
Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats of the fresh water ecosystem.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

10. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat:
Physical smothering effect and lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the aquatic life
Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.
Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals.
Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles
Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize.
Oil spill significantly reduce the density of invertebrates and taxonomic richness at least 5 km downstream.
Some fish species has been found with altered tracheal gills
impregnated with tar like substance.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

11. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on Marine Eco-system and ecological habitat:
Displacement of fish and other aquatic animals due to noise pollution by underwater explosion.
A large percentage of the oil spill gets emulsified and solidified along with sea shore, clinging to sand, rock and stone.
Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats such as when oil is incorporated into sediments
Physical smothering effect on the marine life
Lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the marine life
Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.
Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals.
Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles
Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize.
Changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from oil effects on key organisms e.g. increased abundance of intertidal algae following the death of limpets, which normally eat the algae.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

12. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on human health:
Long term exposure to crude oil contamination leads to severe diseases to human and other animals.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major components found in crude oil are highly health hazard like skin erythema (reddening), skin cancer, sinonasal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and bladder cancer.
Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapours causes headache, nausea, dizziness, respiratory irritation.
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX), the key components of crude oil causes mutations, cancers, birth defects, endocrine disruptions, nervous disorders, and liver disease, carcinogen, effect on CNS, depression, irregular heartbeats.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

13. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on air quality:
The ambient air quality gets affected because of high carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), SPM (fine and respirable suspended particulate matter), VOC (volatile organic compounds) etc.
Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health. Health effects range anywhere from minor irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory system to chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death. Air pollution has been shown to cause acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to worsen the condition of people with pre-existing heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air pollution has been shown to aggravate the frequency and severity of attacks. Both short-term and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy.
Air pollutants can also indirectly affect human health through acid rain, by polluting drinking water and entering the food chain, and through global warming and associated climate change and sea level rise.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

14. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
Effect on climate change:
Continuous gas flaring is a major source of green house gases which has great impact on climate change. This results in global warming, flooding, coastal erosion, rise in sea level, massive population migration and loss of infrastructure.
There is chance of adverse impact on human health and loss of life due to heat waves, extreme weather events, contaminated water supply, air pollution and increased transmission of disease.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

15. Environmental Protection Measures
Environment Management Practices (EMP)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Management System (ISO 14000)
Occupational Health Safety and Society (OHSAS 18000)
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Environmental protection measures are taken to minimize pollution in water, air, land and biological environment by improving the environmental performance.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

16. Environmental Protection Measures
“Caring for the Climate” initiative:
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India and Tata Steel are among the companies that have recently joined a UN climate change initiative for business leaders, according to the UN Global Compact, which partners industry.
Some 230 companies from around the world have signed up for this “Caring for the Climate” initiative since it was launched in 2007.
The CEOs of these companies have to pledge their commitment to caring for the environment.
As many as 150 of the world’s top 500 corporations are its members. There are also 74 country networks and India is “very strong”. It was formed in Mumbai in 2000.
Shri R S Sharma, CMD of ONGC and also President of the Indian arm of United Nations Global Compact.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

17. Environmental Protection Measures
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

18. Environmental Protection Measures
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

19. Environmental Policy and Regulations
International and national policies developed.
The basic legislations, rules and regulations covering environmental dimensions of the petroleum sector.
The petroleum (production) (seaward areas) regulation act 1988 provides that “ the licensees are obliged to operate in a proper and workmanlike manner in accordance with methods and practice customarily used in good oil field practice”.
The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16th February, 2005.
Each country has to create its own policy based on own circumstances.
In India TERI is co-operating with the government regulatory authorities like Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), for developing various policies related to environment.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

20. Environmental Policy and Regulations
Dr. R.K.Pachauri,
Director-General, TERI, India & Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is also the advisor to Government of India for Climate Change Policy.
Dr Pachauri accepts the Nobel Peace Prize 2007 on behalf of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change at a presentation ceremony held in Oslo on 10 December 2007.
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

21. Environmental Policy and Regulations
Acts & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1975
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 & Cess (Amendment ) Act, 2003
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended 1987
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1981 amended 1983
The Environment (Protection ) Act , 1986
The Environment (Protection ) Rules ,1986 amended 2005
Environment (Siting for industrial projects) Rules 1999
Declaring coastal stretches as coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 1991
The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,1989 amended 2003, further amended 2008.
The Manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals Rules 1989 amended 2000
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

22. Environmental Policy and Regulations
Acts & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries:
The Biomedical Waste Rules (Management and Handling) ,1998 amended 2003
The Noise pollution ( Regulation & Control ) Rules, 2000 amended 2002
The Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, preparedness & response ) Rules, 1996
The Batteries ( Management & Handling ) Rules.2001
The Ozone Depleting substances (regulation & Control) Rules 2000
The Public Liability and Insurance Act , 1981 amended 1992
The Public Liability and Insurance Rules, 1981 amended 1993
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
The National Environment Appellate Authority (Appeal) Rules, 1997
The National Environmental Tribunal Act. 1995
PAH: Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

23. Bioremediation : An Ecofriendly Solution For Treatment Of Petroleum Waste

24. Conventional methods for remediation of Oil Contamination
Land filling
Incineration
Air Spurging
Natural Remediation (like evaporation of VOCs, auto oxidation, and photo oxidation, etc.)
Surfactants
Chemical dissociation, dumping in injection wells, etc.
Land farming

25. What is Bioremediation ?
Bioremediation : Naturally occurring microorganisms for remediation of harmful substances to nontoxic compounds.
Used for clean up of oil spills, oily sludge, oil contaminated site, oil contaminated water , any other type of contamination like pesticide contamination etc.
End product CO2, water & cell biomass
More Economical & Environment-friendly compared to other conventional methods, like incineration etc.

26. Comparison with other methods
Parameters
Techniques for disposal
Conventional methods
Bioremediation technique
Efficiency
Containment of toxic wastes to some extent, complete removal is not possible.
Complete removal of toxic waste is possible.
Applicability
Application is limited. In-situ application is not possible, subject to availability of land and machinery. In some cases the process is not easy to handle.
Application is universal (can often treat water, soil, sludges etc). In-situ application is possible and land requirement is minimal. The process is easy to handle.
Liability
Present
Eliminated
Land requirement
Separate land is required for the treatment.
Treatment can be done in-situ, hence separate land requirement is not there.
Environment friendliness
Not environment friendly. Directly or indirectly generates secondary pollutant.
Quite environment friendly method. The end product is CO2, water and dead biomass that helps to regain the fertility of the contaminated soil.
Water Pollution
There is always a chance of water pollution.
No chance of water pollution.
Air pollution
There is always a chance of air pollution.
No chance of air pollution.
Cost
High
Minimal

27. Comparison with other methods
Environmental impact
Cost of remediation  (USD/ton contaminated soil)
Incineration
Air pollution
Surfactants
Water/ Land pollution
Bioremediation
Environment friendly
(negligible pollution)
20-200

28. Development of the consortium Oil Installations in India
Barauni
Mathura
Mumbai
Visakhapatnam
Cochin
Haldiochin
Digboi
Bongaigaon
Guwahati
Southern Region
Western Region
North
Eastern Region
Northern Region
Duliajan
Vadinar Pipeline
Terminal
Panipat

29. Development of the consortium
Isolation of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation
15 different oil contaminated sites identified (in India)
Different geo-climatic regions
Different level of contamination and types of contamination
Age and history of contamination
324 bacterial strains were screened (from 15 sites)
Four bacterial strains were finally selected

30. Composition of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
Crude Oil
Alkane Fraction
Aromatic Fraction
NSO Fraction
Asphaltene Fraction
Straight Chain Compound
Branched Chain Compound
Cyclic Compound
Monocyclic Aromatics
Polycylic Aromatic

31. The Microbial Consortium
A microbial consortium was developed, comprising of 4 different strains of microbes which can eat up oil contamination in soil.
Can work in different climatic conditions i.e. 150C – 600C temp, upto 6% salinity etc.
Not pathogenic and not harmful to the environment.
Can degrade the oil contamination very quickly (normally 4 – 6 months time)
Easy to handle.

32. Mechanism of Action

33. Microbial Products of TERIKT
Oilivorus-A
Oilzapper
KT- Oilzapper
Oilivorous-A
Oilivorous-S

34. TERI’s experience on Bioremediation
Name of the company where bioremediation job has been carried out
Quantity (MTs) of oil contamination
BG Exploration & Production India Limited, India
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India
Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India
510.00
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, India
Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, India
20.00
Hindustan Petroleum Corpn Limited, India
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, India
Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, India
150.00
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, India
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India
Oil India Limited, India
Reliance Petroleum Limited, India
300.00
Tata Power Company Limited, India
10.00
KOC, Kuwait
700.00
ADNOC, Abu Dhabi
200.00
Total quantity undertaken for bioremediation job

35. TERI’s experience on Bioremediation
Type of oil contamination
Quantity (MTs) of oil contamination
Synthetic oil based mud (SOBM)
Drill cuttings
710.00
Emulsion sludge
Thermal power station sludge
30.00
Acidic sludge
oil contaminated soil (land)
oil contaminated water
740.00
Crude oily sludge/ oily sludge in pit
Total quantity of oil contamination undertaken for bioremediation job

36. Application Process Steps
1. Site preparation
2. Installation of Bore wells (Optional)
3. Transfer of oil contaminated soil
4. Application of microbial consortium to the oil contaminated soil
5. Application of nutrients to the oil contaminated soil
6. Tilling and watering
7. Sampling – oil contaminated soil and ground water
8. Sample Analysis – Monitoring Bioremediation

37. Application Process Steps

38. Monitoring of Bioremediation Job
Monitoring of TPH
Monitoring of Fractions of TPH
Monitoring of Soil quality
Monitoring of Ground water quality
Monitoring of Microbial population

39. Composition of oily sludge undertaken for bioremediation
Constituents of oily sludge
Composition (%) in samples of
CPF Gandhar
CTF South Santhal
GGS Narimanam
Solvent extractable TPH
44.65
7.42
51.50
Water content
27.12
18.73
22.79
Sediments / inorganic
28.23
73.85
25.71
Constituents of TPH
Alkane fraction 68 65 60
Aromatic fraction 20 24 22
NSO fraction 8 3 6
Asphaltane fraction 4 12

40. Biodegradation of TPH
South Santhal CTF, ONGC, Mehsana Asset, India

41. Biodegradation of TPH
CPF,Gandhar, ONGC, Ankleshwar Asset, India

42. Biodegradation of Alkane &Aromatic fractions of TPH

43. Preparation of bioremediation site

44. Application of Microbial Consortium

45. Tilling of bioremediation site

46. Watering of bioremediation site

47. Sampling at the bioremediation site

48. From waste OIL To fertile SOIL

49. From waste OIL To fertile SOIL

50. Bioremediation of oily sludge at BPCL Refinery, Mumbai
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation

51. Bioremediation of oil contaminated water at Duliajan (Assam)
Before Bioremediation
After Bioremediation

52. Bioremediation site at Oil India Ltd. (Dikom)
After bioremediation by Oilzapper
Before bioremediation

53. Bioremediation site in CTF, Geleky, Nazira, ONGC, Assam
After Bioremediation by oilzapper
Before Bioremediation

54. Bioremediation site at Mathura refinery
After bioremediation
Before bioremediation

55. Soil Fertility Vs. Bioremediation

56. Fish culturing after bioremediation
Site before bioremediation
Site after bioremediation
Natural vegetation after bioremediation
Aquatic birds in site filled with water
Fish culturing in site filled with rain water after bioremediation

57. Pathogenecity Test

58. Soil Toxicity Study Type of test : Fish toxicity study
Samples studied :
Sample – 1 : Soil sample from the bioremediation site of Barauni refinery before bioremediation
Sample – 2 : Soil sample from the bioremediation site of Barauni refinery after bioremediation
Test method : IS : 6582 ( P-II ) : 2001
Results:
Sample 1 : No survival of fish in one part sample & one part water
Sample 2 : 100% fish survival in one part sample & one part water

59. Heavy metal in soil before and after Bioremediation
Heavy metals
Concentration of heavy metals in soil samples (mg/kg soil)
Permissible limit as per Hazardous Wastes Management and Handling Rules (Amendment 2003)
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Nearby Soil Zn
0.001 Mn BD Cu
Total concentration Ni
0.03
0.02
0.04
5000 ppm Pb Co As
0.05 Cd
0.01
50 ppm
Cr (Total) Se
20000 ppm
Total concentration
BD: Below detection limit (1 ppb)

60. Soil Characteristics before and after Bioremediation
Texture of soil
Loamy
Soil pH
7.77
7.42
7.51
Soil bulk density
0.99 g/cm3
1.21 g/cm3
Soil water holding capacity
61 %
75 %
74 %
Electric conductivity
2.25 mS/cm
1.59 mS/cm
1.48 mS/cm
Total soil nitrogen
0.07 %
0.11 %
0.08 %
Organic carbon
1.92 %
1.66 %
1.62 %
Available phosphorous in soil
11 ppm
19 ppm
9 ppm
Parameter
Test results
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
Nearby soil
Potassium in soil
124 ppm
150 ppm
120 ppm

61. Ground water characteristics before and after Bioremediation
Heavy metals
Permissible limits
Concentration in ground water (ppm)
BSI/WHO
EPA (LIE)
Before
After Zn
5 ppm
1 ppm
0.07
0.06 Mn
0.1 ppm
1.5 ppm
0.03
0.04 Cu
1 ppm
1 ppm
0.01
0.01 Ni
5 ppb
1 ppm
0.001
0.003 Pb
5 ppb
0.5 ppm
0.003
0.002 Co
5 ppb
---
0.002
0.002 As
5 ppb
0.5 ppm
0.002
0.001 Cd
1 ppb
0.01 ppm
0.001
0.001
Cr (Total)
5 ppb
1 ppm
0.002
0.002 Se
0.5 ppb
0.5 ppm BD BD
Physico-chemical properties: pH
---
6 – 10
7.64
7.48
EC mS/cm
---
---
2.97
3.11
10 ppm
Oil/grease
---
Nil
Nil

62. Publications
S Krishnan, P M Sarma and Lal B Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of two desulphurizing bacterial strains, Mycobacterium phlei SM120-1 and Mycobacterium phlei GTIS10. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 42 :
Prasad G S, Mayilraj S, Sood N, Singh V, Biswas K, and Lal B Candida digboiensis sp.nov. a novel anamorphic yeast species from an acidic tar sludge-contaminated oil field. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 633–638.
Mishra S, Sarma P M, and Lal B Crude oil degradation efficiency of a recombinant lux tagged Acinetobacter baumannii strain and its survival in crude oil contaminated soil microcosm. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 235:   
Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B Assessment of intraspecies diversity among strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Canadian journal of Microbiology. 50:
Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by a newly discovered enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70:
Bhattacharya D, Sarma P M, Krishnan S, Mishra S, and Lal B Evaluation of the Genetic Diversity among the Strains of Pseudomonas citronellolis isolated from oily Sludge Contaminated Sites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60:
Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., Evaluation of inoculum addition to stimulate in situ bioremediation of oily sludge contaminated soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67:
Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., In situ bioremediation potential of an oily sludge degrading bacterial consortium. Current Microbiology 43:

63. Patents on OILZAPPER
A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from oil wells using novel microbial consortium. Patent No. PCT/IN 2004/ (International Patent)
Bioremediation of acidic sludge. Patent No MUM/2004. 
A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from oil wells using novel multi-microbial strain. Patent No 892/DEL/2003.
Microbial nutrients for biodegradation of oil refinery waste and process for bioremediation of oily sludge and crude oil spill sites. Patent No 168/DL/2000.

64. Awards won by Oilzapper (Total 10 Awards : International & National)

65. Users of OILZAPPER Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL), India
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), India
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), India
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), India
Oil India Ltd (OIL), Assam, India
Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India
BG Exploration & Production India Ltd., India
Reliance Energy Ltd., India
Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), India
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Abu Dhabi.

66. Acknowledgements Dr. R. K. Pachauri, DG, TERI, India
Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India
IOCL R&D Centre, India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India
MOEF, CPCB & SPCB, Govt. of India
Sheba Center for Strategic Studies (SCSS), Yemen

67. My Team Members

68. For further clarifications, contact:
Ajoy Kumar Mandal,
Fellow & Area Convenor
Environment and Industrial Biotechnology Division
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi – , India.
Tel: +91 – 11 – , 2111
Fax: + 91 – 11 – , 2145
E_mail:
Web:

69. THANKS

70. Development of the consortium
Different oil contaminated sites in India:
Isolation sites (Regional location in India)
Geographical location (Latitude & Longitude)
Temp.
range (0C)
Total number of culturable bacterial strains isolated
Total number of species among the bacterial strains
Latitude
Longitude
IOCL, Mathura refinery ( N )
27026 N
77043 E
10 – 40 30 14
IOCL, Barauni refinery ( E )
25028 N
85059 E
19 – 35 16 8
IOCL, Haldia refinery ( E )
22000 N
88005 E
15 – 35 26 6
IOCL, Gujarat refinery ( W )
22016 N
73014 E
20 – 38 9
IOCL, Panipat refinery ( N )
29023 N
76058 E
15 – 40 20 5
ONGC, Jorhat ( NE )
26040 N
95035 E
10 – 35 11 4
Oil India Ltd., Duliajan, ( NE )
27015 N
95015 E 12
IOCL, Digboi refinery ( NE )
12 – 35 33
IOCL, Guwahati refinery ( NE )
26009 N
91046 E 22 10
BPCL, Mumbai refinery, ( W )
18056 N
72051 E
24 – 35 18 7
HPCL, Visakhapatnam ( S )
17041 N
83017 E
21 – 42 19
CRL, Cochin refinery ( S )
9055 N
76014 E
19 – 37
BRPL, Bongaigoan refinery ( N )
73014E
18 – 32 13
Vadinar refinery ( W )
23044 N
72039 E
15 – 45 3
Reliance refinery, Jamnagar ( W )
22026 N
70026 E 32
Total
324
110

71. Development of the consortium
Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat Refinery, IOCL, India):

72. Development of the consortium
Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat Refinery, IOCL, India):

73. Degradation of oily sludge by selected bacterial strains
Without Bacterial Strain
With Bacterial Strain

74. Biodegradation of alkane fraction
of crude oil

75. Biodegradation of alkane compound by A.baumannii

76. Mineralization of alkane compound by A.baumannii

77. Biodegradation of aromatic fraction of crude oil by A.odarans

78. Biodegradation of PAH compound by A.odorans
Fluoranthene

79. Mineralization of aromatic hydrocarbon compound by A.odorans

80. Biodegradation of sulphur containing compound of crude oil

81. Microbial count in oil contaminated soil during bioremediation process
Time of treatment by microbial consortium
TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at
Site I
(Well no. 1)
Site II
(Well no. 205)
Site III
(Well no. 206)
Site IV
(Control site)
Zero day before application
1.2 X 104
3.1 X 104
2.6 X 104
1.8 X 104
Zero day after application
3.7 X 109
2.6 X 109
3.2 X 109
2.1 X 104
After 15 days
5.9 X 108
7.1 X 108
6.2 X 108
3.8 X 104
After 40 days
3.9 X 108
4.2 X 108
4.6 X 108
6.4 X 104
After 75 days
1.9 X 108
2.1 X 108
2.6 X 108
8.3 X 104
After 135 days
5.3 X 107
6.1 X 107
5.8 X 107
1.1 X 105

82. Lysimeter: to demonstrate that leachate is clean and free from oil for analysis of oily sludge