2. Crash Course
The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14 - YouTube

3. Charlemagne's Empire
Chapter 13
Section 1
Pages

4. Charlemagne’s Empire Main Idea Reading Focus
Through conquest and social change, Charlemagne tied much of western Europe together in a single empire.
Reading Focus
How did Charlemagne and the Carolingians build the Frankish empire?
How did Charlemagne’s actions contribute to shaping a new society?

5. Building an Empire Powerful Kingdom Frankish Empire Early Carolingians
Crowning of Charlemagne a surprise, but not random decision
His predecessors, the kings of the Franks, worked for 200 years to make kingdom most powerful in Europe
Frankish Empire
By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe
Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians
Early Carolingians
One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather
Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king
Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably Muslims

6. Charlemagne’s Rise to Power
Pippin
Charles’s son, Pippin III, also skilled leader; won many battles, captured new lands for Franks
Became first king of Carolingian dynasty, 751
Upon death, 768, Pippin passed kingdom to son, ruler known today as Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Rise to Power
Charlemagne, Old French for Charles the Great
Name proved accurate, Charlemagne a great leader
Historically considered one of most important leaders in European history
Foundation of success, his military power

7. Military Power Increased Kingdom Pope Leo III
Assembled army each year, led into battle against a foe
Incorporated land of vanquished foe into his sphere of influence, formed alliances with local rulers
In this way Charlemagne increased size and power of Carolingian kingdom
Increased Kingdom
Recognized Charlemagne’s skill, called on him for help when Lombards attacked Papal States, 774
Papal states, region in central Italy under control of pope
Franks defeated Lombards; Charlemagne became king of Lombards as well as Franks
Pope Leo III

8. Helping the Pope Another Cry for Help A Pope’s Thanks
Pope Leo III grateful for Charlemagne’s help against Lombards
799, called on Charlemagne again when angry supporters of previous pope ran Leo out of Rome
Charlemagne had Leo escorted back to Rome, restored to power
Another Cry for Help
Pope Leo III thanked Charlemagne by naming him emperor of Roman people
Title implied Charlemagne had restored glory of Roman Empire in Europe
Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had backing of church, God
A Pope’s Thanks

9. Charlemagne’s Rule Powerful Delegating Authority Oversight
Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor
Empire large, not easy to rule; changes made government efficient, effective
Established permanent capital at Aachen, in what is now Germany
Delegating Authority
Built huge palace, cathedral to reflect own greatness
Chose counts, officials to help rule parts of empire in his name
Counts bound to obey, granted large tracts of land, given much authority
Oversight
Inspectors kept tabs on Charlemagne’s counts
Rewarded counts who did jobs well, punished those who did not
Inspectors helped ensure counts remained loyal, empire was well run

10. Aachen

11. How did Charlemagne turn his kingdom into an empire?
Summarize
How did Charlemagne turn his kingdom into an empire?
Answer(s): strong warrior; restored the pope to power; provided stability and order; barons helped him rule

12. A New Society Education Scholars
Although Charlemagne is known mostly as a warrior and a political leader, he also made sweeping changes to Frankish society.
Charlemagne personally interested in learning, spent much time studying
Wanted leaders in empire to be able to read, write
Ordered churches, monasteries to start schools
Students learned:
Religion
Music
Grammar
Education
Noted European scholars invited by Charlemagne to Aachen
Spent time teaching, as well as studying, copying ancient texts
Sent copies of texts to monasteries across Europe; monks there made copies
Saved many valuable works for posterity
Scholars

13. Religion Law Great Heights
In addition to improving education, Charlemagne wanted to preserve, spread Christian teachings
Worked closely with church to create unified Christian empire
Used force to accomplish, ordered those he conquered to convert to Christianity under penalty of death
Sent monks to live among conquered to help Christianity take root
Honored traditional laws of tribes brought under his rule
Most laws existed only in oral tradition
Had many tribal laws recorded
Allowed tribal legal codes to maintain separate existence
Law
Western Europe reached great heights under Charlemagne
Empire did not survive long after death in 814
Civil war wracked kingdom, grandsons divided empire
Empire weak, invaders poured in
Great Heights

14. How did Charlemagne change society in his empire?
Find the Main Idea
How did Charlemagne change society in his empire?
Answer(s): built an education system, preserved ancient writings, expanded religion, developed single law code

15. GROG 13-1
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by ranking Charlemagne’s achievements in what you think was their order of importance in strengthening the empire

16. New Invaders
Chapter 13
Section 2
Pages

17. Bell Ringer 13-2
Write a letter describing Charlemagne’s coronation as though you were a Roman who witnessed the event. In your letter, explain what happened and why

18. New Invaders Main Idea Reading Focus
Invasions and migrations changed the political and cultural landscapes of western Europe during the early Middle Ages.
Reading Focus
Why did many Europeans fear the Vikings?
What made Magyar raids in eastern Europe so devastating to people there?
Why did Muslims raid towns in southern Europe?

19. The Vikings
The relative peace Charlemagne brought to western Europe did not last long. Even before he died, invaders had begun nibbling at the edges of his empire. Of all the invaders, the fiercest were the Vikings.
Vikings came from northern Europe
Lived in Scandinavia
Society rural, agricultural
Most worked as fishers, farmers
Origins of Vikings
Though sea provided plenty of fish, soil not fertile
Farmers had trouble growing enough grain
Food shortages common problem
Food Shortages
Viking leaders looked for new sources of food, wealth
Decided to take what they needed from others
Viking raids began
New Sources

20. Viking Raids Sailing Skills First Targets Little Time
Vikings superb ship builders, sailors
Ships capable of withstanding heavy ocean waves; crews as many as 100
Skills at navigation allowed crossing great expanses of ocean
First Targets
First targets of raids England, northern France
Later Vikings began raiding places farther from homeland
Even inland locations like Paris, Aachen unsafe
Little Time
People lived in fear, had no warning that Vikings were coming
Fast-moving ships approached target quickly
Vikings killed, captured defenders; took what they could find, sailed away

21. Favorite Targets Viking Settlements
Among favorite Viking targets, monasteries
Monks not warriors, monasteries easy to plunder
Fine treasures, jeweled crosses, golden candlesticks stolen
Vikings not Christians, had no problems stealing religious items
Viking Settlements
Not all Vikings who left Scandinavia raiders, some explorers
One place settled by Vikings, Iceland; first arrived late 700s
Viking society thrived there for centuries, longer than in Europe
982, Viking explorers reached Greenland
100 years later, Leif Eriksson reached North America

22. Viking warriors also settled in northern France
Normandy
Viking warriors also settled in northern France
Led by chief named Rollo, attacked France many times
King of France made deal with Rollo
Rollo to stop raids, defend Frankish lands against other Vikings
King to give Rollo land
Rollo accepted, area became known as Normandy, land of Northmen

23. What made Viking raids so terrifying to Christian Europe?
Draw Conclusions
What made Viking raids so terrifying to Christian Europe?
Answer(s): People did not know when they were coming, so could not prepare; Viking raids were brutal.

24. The Magyars Nomads Raids
Vikings terrorized northern, western Europe; Magyars invaded from east
Magyars nomads from central Asia who settled in what is now Hungary
Fierce warriors like Vikings
Not sailors, skilled riders who outmaneuvered opponents on horseback
Planned raids carefully, attacking smaller settlements
Nomads
Raided eastern France, Germany, northern Italy, western Byzantine Empire
Eventually gave up nomadic ways, but lost battle advantage of running from opposing armies
Mid-900s, German king Otto the Great crushed Magyar army, ending raids
Raids

25. Why were Magyar raids so difficult to stop?
Infer
Why were Magyar raids so difficult to stop?
Answer(s): They attacked small villages, were excellent horsemen, able to outrun the opposing army

26. Muslims first came to Europe in large numbers as conquerors.
The Muslims
Muslims first came to Europe in large numbers as conquerors.
711, Muslim army from North Africa crossed Strait of Gibraltar, conquered Spain
Ruled Iberian Peninsula more than 700 years, non nomadic
Capital city, Cordoba, one of wealthiest, most culturally advanced cities of medieval world
Muslim Spain land of tolerance
Many religions living together in peace
Muslim Spain
732, Muslims swept into France, stopped short by Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather
800s, 900s, Muslim leaders ordered small, fast raids against cities, towns in southern France, Italy
Raided Rome, destroyed ancient churches
France, Italy

27. Blocking Trade
Muslim fleets blocked Byzantine trade in Mediterranean
Muslim pirates looted ships, sold crews into slavery
Cut off Italy from trade with eastern allies
Pope turned to Franks for protection
Balance of power in western Europe shifted because of this

29. Why did Muslims launch small, fast raids against Christian lands?
Make Generalizations
Why did Muslims launch small, fast raids against Christian lands?
Answer(s): unable to achieve a full invasion of Europe

30. Grog 13-2
use the interactive graphic organizer to list and describe the peoples that invaded Europe

31. The Feudal System and Manorial Systems
Chapter 13
Section 3
Pages

32. Bell Ringer 13-4
Write a description of a Viking, Magyar, or Muslim raid as though you are an inhabitant of the town being raided. Bring your description to life by choosing vivid adjectives to describe the sights, sounds, and emotions that surround you

33. The Feudal and Manorial Systems
Main Idea
In Europe during the Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems governed life and required people to perform certain duties and obligations.
Reading Focus
What duties and obligations were central to the feudal system?
How did the manorial system govern the medieval economy?
What was daily life like for people on a manor?

34. Feudalism
Why Feudalism?Invasion of groups like Vikings, Magyar, and Muslims left king unable to defend their lands and nobles land from attack.
Nobles must find a way to defend their own lands.
Build castles on
hilltops

35. How to solve this problem?
Nobles would hire Knights to defend their lands.
Knights would provide military services
Provide loyalty to lord
Give an oath of Fealty.
Diminished the power of kings
Lords would give Knights
Land treat fairly
Protect if attacked
Settle disputes

36. The Feudal System Based on rights & obligations
In exchange for military & other services, a lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal (person receiving fief)
Exchanging land for services is called the Feudal system.
This is a complicated system where very few understood who their obligations were to.

37. The Feudal Pyramid

38. WHAT’S HAPPENING? What led to the Feudal System ?
Constant brutal fighting amongst nobles
What was Feudal System ?
Political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king
In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to the king. Reduce the number of people who are loyal to king

39. WHAT’S HAPPENING?
How did Feudal system diminish the power of the king?
What is the Noble?
What is the Vassal?
What is the Fief?

40. The Manorial System Economic Arrangement Between Lord & Serf
In exchange for housing, land, and protection, serfs had to perform tasks to maintain the estate and pay several different kinds of taxes
Were legally tied to the land
Could not leave land, or marry w/o lords permission
Serfdom was hereditary
No opportunities to better their situation

41. The Manorial System Serfs
The manor was practically self-sufficient, producing almost everything needed for daily life, so serfs rarely had to leave their manor for anything
Outside purchases included salt, iron, and a few unusual objects like millstones (used to grind flour)
So why did they accept their economic hardship?
Acceptance was part of Church teachings
They believed that God decided people’s social position

42. The Manorial System Manors
Self-contained communities that dotted the countryside throughout western Europe
Crop rotation

43. Daily Life in The Middle Ages Castle
Built for defense not Comfort
Few windows- dark and musty all year long
Private rooms rare- divided by sheets or rugs
Waste was disposed into the moat or river
No Charmin only Hay
Bathed in wooden tub in garden (summer) or by fireplace (winter)

44. Castle Bedroom

45. Daily Life in The Middle Ages Villages
Small 1- 2 bedroom cottages built by themselves
Small/Few windows
Hatched straw roof
Wooden stools/ few pieces of furniture
Hay mattress=Bugs
Cook over open fire??? Really???

46. Villages

47. Grog 13-4 In 10-15 sentences tell me which you would rather live in
A castle or a village home
Put your name on it and turn it in.

48. The Growth of Monarchies
Chapter 13
Section 4
Pages

49. Bell Ringer 13-4
Write a journal entry from the point of view of a man or woman in the early Middle Ages. In your entry, describe what your daily life is like and what duties and obligations you fulfill

50. The Growth of Monarchies
Main Idea
The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages.
Reading Focus
How did the power of the English monarchy grow and change?
How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe?

51. The Growth Of Monarchies CH 13 Sec 4 pages 387-391

52. What we will learn
The power of kings and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the middle ages

53. Anglo Saxon England
England was the 1st country in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy
The Anglo Saxons first unified the county
During most of the Anglo Saxon period England was divided into 7 small kingdoms
Alfred the Great drove Vikings out of England uniting England under 1 ruler
Alfred’s decedents would rule England until one would die without a heir

54. 2 men would claim the crown
Anglo Saxon England
2 men would claim the crown
Harold, a nobleman from England
William, the Duke of Normandy and a distant relative of dead Anglo Saxon King
Supported by English nobles Harold would be named king
William would decided to take thrown by force

55. England’s Evolving Gov’t
Battle of Hastings (1066)
Normans, under William the Conqueror defeated
Harold, Anglo-Saxon king
English lords lost their land
William granted fiefs to Norman lords
A new nobility in England
They swore loyalty to him personally
Doomsday book- survey to see what each person could pay in taxes
Laid the foundation for centralized gov’t
William would bring elements of French Culture to England- French Language

56. England’s Evolving Gov’t
Henry II- descendent of William
Became ruler of England in 1154
Strengthened England’s legal system
Sent royal judges to parts of England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punish crimes
Introduced the use of the jury in English courts
Laid foundation for English common law

57. Why was King William I known as William the Conquer?
Why did William I create a new nobility in England?
Do you think that William should have insisted that the Nobles learn the Anglo Saxon Language?

58. King John Decision making game
King John takes power of English thrown in 1200 AD.
He will have some tough decision so make in order to keep the people happy.

59. King John manages to upset everyone!!
The first king to give up some of his power was John. He is famous as Prince John in make believe stories of Robin Hood. In the stories he is a wicked and foolish prince who taxes the people of England unfairly. Some historians say John was just as foolish in real life. Others say he was simply unlucky!
John ruled England from 1199 to He faced the following problems.

60. Could the rich control the king?
Around the picture below, you can read some of the qualities which medieval people expected their king to have! Which three are the most important for a medieval king?
A good judge of character
Rich – but not greedy!
A good soldier
Fit and strong
God fearing
Inspiring!
Brave
Hardworking
Wise
Firm – but fair!

61. Your enquiry!
Medieval kings could get into serious trouble if they did not have the qualities of a KING! In the thirteenth century some Nobles forced an unpopular king to give up some power …and it was only the beginning!! In this enquiry, you will find out how the richest people in the country began to challenge the king

62. ..\Pictures\KingJohnDecisionGame.ppt

63. England’s Evolving Gov’t
The power of the king continued to increase significantly
Noble worried that Kings power would take from their own rights
King continued to fight wars, adding new lands in France
Needed money and tried to raise taxes
Nobles would refused and took up arms against the King of England.

64. How did the barons strike back?
In 1214 many barons rebelled against John. They believed that he could not rule the country properly and was treating them unfairly. If someone did not do something the whole country could be ruined!
In 1215 the barons forced John to grant a charter, which was the first time anyone had expected an English king to obey a set of rules.

65. England’s Evolving Gov’t
Magna Carta
Signed by King John of England in 1215
Bill of Rights is very similar to the Magna Carta
Guaranteed what are now seen as certain basic legal rights in both England and the US
Included:
No taxation without representation
Trial by jury
Protection of the law

66. I, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law.
The Magna Carta
I, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law.
So I agree:
1. Not to imprison nobles without trial
2. That trials must be in courts; not held in secret by me
3. To have fair taxation for the nobles
4. To let freemen travel wherever they like
5. Not to interfere in Church matters
6. Not to seize crops without paying for them
…. and lot more things too!!

67. King John Signing the Magna Carta

68. England’s Evolving Gov’t
Some Nobles were still not satisfied
They wanted more of a say in how the country was run
They rebelled….. Again.
King needing money for wars agreed to meet with Nobility, Clergy, and middle class
Resulting in the formation of Parliament

69. England’s Evolving Gov’t
Meeting of Model Parliament
Met in 1295 under the reign of Edward I
Considered a major step toward democratic government because:
It was a legislative group composed of commoners – burgesses from every borough and knights from every county
Parliament could create new taxes and advised the king on law making and other policies
** Under Edward I, Parliament was a royal tool that weakened the great lords, but as time went on, it became strong enough to provide a check on royal power

70. Why did nobles rebel against King John?
What's Happening?
Why did nobles rebel against King John?
What was most unusual about the council that becomes parliament?
What was the most revolutionary part of Magna Carta?

71. King of France ruled little territory
France Develops
King of France ruled little territory
Rest of France was in hands of nobles and King of England
Nobles had more land and power
Ignored Kings wishes

72. Capetian family was a noble family
France Develops
Capetian family was a noble family
Hugh Capet extended the power of their monarchy throughout France
Did so via wars, marriages and other arrangements

73. Holy Roman Empire
After Charlemagne's death, Germany is divided into several small states
Otto the Great, Duke of Saxony
Unites Germany and Northern Italy
When Noble challenged Pope Otto stepped
Pope rewarded him by crowning him Emperor of the Romans.
The land he ruled was called the Holy Roman Empire

74. Emperor needed Dukes support to make laws
Holy Roman Empire
Decisions and laws were passed with help of Dukes who still had authority over their own lands
Emperor needed Dukes support to make laws
Duke would elected new emperor
New Emperor would then have to crown by Pope

75. Before the Capetians, how much territory did the king of France rule?
What's Happening?
Before the Capetians, how much territory did the king of France rule?
Why do you think the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was elected?
Why do you think that the Roman Emperor had to travel to Rome in to be crowned by the Pope

76. Ruled by Muslims (Moors) Cordoba was center of powerful Muslim rule
Spain and Portugal
Ruled by Muslims (Moors)
Cordoba was center of powerful Muslim rule
Christian defeat powerful Moors after they are weakened by a civil war
Reconquista- Campaigns to take back Iberian Peninsula from Moors
1100 Portugal is successful
1492 Spain is Successful
2 Kingdoms would ruled together Via Marriage
Rulers of Aragon and Castile marriage
Resulting in one of the strongest countries in Europe

77. What was the reconquista?
What's Happening?
What was the reconquista?
How was Spain and Portugal united and what was the result?

78. Grog 13-4
use the interactive graphic organizer to take notes about the growth of monarchies in Europe

79. Power of the Church
Chapter 13
Section 5
Pages

80. Bell Ringer 13-5
Write a letter to King John of England as though you were one of his advisors. In your letter, you must advise him either to accept or reject Magna Carta. Remember to use logical reasons to support your position

81. Power of the Church Main Idea Reading Focus
Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe.
Reading Focus
What was the nature and influence of religion in the Middle Ages?
What led to the growth of papal power in Europe?
What changes in monasticism were introduced in the Middle Ages?

82. Religion in the Middle Ages
Pope is head of Roman Catholic Church
Early popes seen as spiritual leaders
Noted for their religious devotion
During Middle Ages, they became powerful political figures
Popes as Political Figures
Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local loyalties
Christian beliefs brought people across Europe together in spiritual community of Christendom
Religion touched almost every aspect of Christians’ lives
Increased Popes influence
Christian Beliefs

83. Religious Ceremonies Dramatic Increase
Major life events marked by religious ceremonies
Monks acted as peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armies
Church officials served as teachers, record keepers
Clergy people’s main connection to church, had great influence
Dramatic Increase
Around 1000, influence of church increased dramatically
Great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe
Members of Christian church became more devout
Participation in religious services increased, thousands flocked to monasteries, joined religious orders

84. Identify Cause and Effect
Why was the medieval clergy so influential?
Answer(s): Christian church had strong influence over daily lives of most Europeans; clergy were the people's link to the church

85. Growth of Papal Power Papacy Church Reforms
Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.
900s, 1000s, pope had little authority
Considered head of church, but local bishops made most important religious decisions
Papacy not held in high regard
Few popes noted for religious devotion; most were nobles concerned with increasing own power
Papacy
1049, first of series of clever, capable popes dedicated to reforming papacy came to power, Leo IX
Believed that Europe’s clergy had become corrupt, wanted to reform it
Concerned with simony, buying and selling of church offices by bishops
Church Reforms

86. Power and Conflict Excommunication Reforms Conflict
Bishops guilty of bad offenses excommunicated, cast out of church
No greater punishment for Christians in Middle Ages
Person excommunicated could not take part in Eucharist, could not be saved
Reforms
Leo became more active in governing church than other popes in past
Reforms brought him into conflict with political, religious leaders
Many bishops believed pope had no authority to tell them how to act
Conflict
One who rejected Leo’s authority, bishop of Constantinople
1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, split Christian Church in two
Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop, Orthodox

87. Popes and Politics
Popes gained influence over people’s religious lives, also over European politics
Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters
Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States
Had ability to raise armies to defend territories
Several popes hired Normans to fight wars
Crusades against Muslims launched by popes

88. Conflict over Bishops Tradition Reform Bishop of Milan
Although popes had increased their power, they still came into conflict with political leaders. Popes of the late 1000s were firmly resolved to change the way members of the clergy were chosen.
Kings, other leaders played active role in choosing clergy
Kings chose most bishops
Holy Roman emperor named several popes
Tradition
Reform popes did not think anyone but clergy should choose religious officials
Issue became critical during Pope Gregory VII’s pontificate
Reform
Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, chose new bishop for city of Milan
Gregory did not approve, removed bishop
Henry disputed Gregory’s authority
Bishop of Milan

89. Gregory and Henry Excommunication Canossa Bishops Power
Gregory’s response was to excommunicate Henry
Called on clergy, nobility of Germany to replace emperor
Canossa
Fearing he would lose his throne, Henry traveled to Canossa to beg forgiveness
Reluctantly, Gregory lifted excommunication
Bishops
Gregory, Henry continued fighting over bishops for years
Later popes reached compromise: local clergy would choose bishops
Power
Most important outcome: Gregory stood up to emperor
The pope had become one of strongest figures in Europe

90. In what ways did popes become stronger in the Middle Ages?
Analyze
In what ways did popes become stronger in the Middle Ages?
Answer(s): eliminated corrupt clergy, appointed bishops, became political leaders, built armies, ruled territory

91. Changes in Monasticism
Contemplation and Prayer
Early Middle Ages, monasteries founded by men seeking lives of contemplation and prayer
Monasteries often paid for by local rulers, who chose abbots who led them
Benedictine Rule Abandoned
By around 900, rulers had stopped choosing qualified abbots
Many held positions only for prestige
In these monasteries, strict Benedictine Rule abandoned
Return to Monasticism
Early 900s, group of monks sought to return monasticism to strict roots
Established new monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule
Monks of Cluny reserved right to choose own abbot

92. Network of Monasteries
Cluny became most influential monastery in Europe
Monks established daughter houses, leaders had to answer to Cluny abbot
Other monasteries in France, Spain, Italy adopted Cluny’s customs, agreed to follow direction of its abbots
Cluny became core of network of monasteries across western Europe
For some monks, Benedictine life not strict enough
Monks wanted lives free from any worldly distractions
Created new orders, most popular of which was Cistercian order
New Orders
Usually built outside of towns to ensure isolation
Undecorated, unheated even in winter; monks divided time between prayer, labor
Other new orders even stricter, members lived like hermits
Admired for their dedication to faith and the piety
Cistercian Monasteries

93. What changes were introduced to monasticism?
Find the Main Idea
What changes were introduced to monasticism?
Answer(s): stricter rules, monks stayed out of politics, simplified lives

94. GROG 13-5
fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying how changes in Christianity affected different types of people in the Middle Ages