1. Bellwork Define tradition. Identify 3 traditions

2. Tradition or Precedent

3. 9.1 Washington’s Presidency
I can…
identify and explain the traditions, or precedents established by George Washington.
Key Question:
How did Washington’s presidency shape new political traditions?

4. Washington’s Election
Washington was elected President unanimously in 1789
Travels to the capital, New York City, to be inaugurated
Runner-up, John Adams, becomes Vice-President

6. Congressional Decisions
What type and how many new courts should be added?
What should they do if federal court decisions conflicted with state laws?

7. Federal Judiciary Act of 1789
Gave the Supreme Court 6 members.
One Chief Justice, John Jay, and 5 other Justices
It provided for less powerful federal courts
State law could not violate Supreme Court decisions!

8. Decisions! Decisions!
What do you do when you have a hard decision to make and are not sure if you will make a good one?

9. Assembling a Cabinet
Congress was given the task of creating departments to help the President make decisions and he could appoint heads of departments
Cabinet: a group of advisors to the President (the heads of each department)

10. 4 Departments Were Created
Washington’s Cabinet
4 Departments Were Created
Secretary of War:
Henry Knox
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
What does each do?

11. Do you know who the current department heads are?

12. Current Cabinet Leaders
Secretary of Defense:
Robert M. Gates
Secretary of Treasury:
Timothy Geithner
Secretary of State:
Hillary Clinton
Attorney General:
Eric Holder

13. Responsibilities of the Cabinet
Cabinets members are basically the specialists in their area that offer advice
to the President.

14. Another Precedent or Tradition
Can you think of another tradition that Washington established when he left office?
Can you think of any President that broke that tradition?

15. Changing the Constitution
During the Great Depression and WWII, Franklin D. Roosevelt served 4 terms in office.
In the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was passed limiting Presidents to 2 terms in office or 10 years total
This Amendment checks the President’s power!

16. Identify and explain the two precedents that were started under Washington’s presidency?

17. 9.1 Cont’d Key Question: What financial problems faced the new nation?
List Hamilton’s solutions for the nation’s finances.

18. War Debts Most urgent issue
Owed Millions to France, Spain & Netherlands
Owed Private Citizens and soldiers $$$
By 1789, $52 million in debt
Needed to repay the $$$ to gain the respect of citizens and foreign countries

19. Hamilton’s Political Views
Believed in a strong central government
National government should be stronger than state governments
Should encourage business and industry, support wealthy merchants and manufacturers

20. Hamilton’s Proposals 1790
Pay off ALL war debts, including those of the states
Southern states are upset since they had already started to pay their debts
Agree to relocated the capital to the South, Washington D.C., to gain support
Raise government revenue $$$$$
Create a national bank

21. Building a Strong Government
Use tariffs, taxes on imports, to…
Raise $$$$ for the government
Encourage growth of national business
Encourage people to buy American
Create a national Bank
Keep money safe
Make loans to businesses and government
Issue paper $$$

22. Strict Constructionists!
Hamilton’s Opponents
Jefferson and Madison opposed the creation of a national bank
Thought it would encourage an unhealthy relationship between the government and wealthy business interests
The Constitution did not provide for it! (It was not a power delegated to the national government, but reserved for the states!)
Strict Constructionists!

23. Strict Constructionists
Believed in a literal or strict interpretation of the Constitution
Since the power to create a national government is NOT spelled out, or delegated to, the national government in the Constitutio, it is a power reserved to the states.

24. Loose Constructionists
Hamilton’s supporters said the …
“Elastic Clause,”
Article 1, Section 8, Number 18, gave Congress the power to do whatever is
“Necessary and Proper”

25. Washington
George Washington helps get the bank passed by backing Hamilton and the Bank
1791 the Bank of the United States (BUS) was established
Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s opposing viewpoints laid the groundwork for political parties!

26. Honors Bill of Rights Quiz tomorrow!
Be able to list the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution in order! You must earn a perfect score!
Chapter 8 Essay make-up tomorrow!
Identify and explain two arguments of the Anti-Federalists.
Identify two weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation and explain why each was a weakness.

27. How did Hamilton want to raise money for the government to pay off the debt owed?
How would this encourage people to buy American?

28. What were the arguments for and against the creation of a national bank?
Who were the arguments between?

29. What led to the formation of political parties?

30. 9.2 Challenges to the New Government
Identify how two crises at home revealed the power of the national government?

31. Crises at Home
Claims to the Trans-Appalachian West: Britain Spain & Native Americans
Farmer rebellion in the backcountry

32. Problems at Home
Spain, Britain and Native Americans all claimed the Trans-Appalachian West
Strong resistance from Native-Americans in the Northwest Territory, supported by the British
American troops lost to Native-Americans, led by Little Turtle in 1790 and 1791

33. What does Little Turtle mean by this quote?
“We have beaten the enemy twice under separate commanders…The Americans are now led by a Chief (Wayne) who never sleeps…We have never been able to surprise him…It would be prudent (wise) to listen to his offers of peace.”
-Little Turtle, quoted in
The Life and Times of Little Turtle
What does Little Turtle mean by this quote?

34. Battle of Fallen Timbers
General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led 1,000 troops vs. 2,000 Native Americans in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Toledo, Ohio.
Native Americans lost and left when the British refuse to help!
Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans cede, or give up, their claims to much of Ohio and the Northwest Territory, including ports and outposts

35. Backcountry Trouble! Conflict over a new tax on whiskey
Farmers in the backcountry hurt the most
Whiskey more profitable than corn, used like $$$ in trade
Farmers from PA to GA resist the tax

36. Whiskey Rebellion Summer of 1794, western PA farmers rebel
The federal government shows its strength and sent 13,000 soldiers and the farmers flee

37. “Such a resistance is treason against society, against liberty, against everything that ought to be dear to a free, enlightened, and prudent people. To tolerate it were to abandon your most precious interests. Not to subdue it were to tolerate it.”-Alexander Hamilton,
The Works of Alexander Hamilton
What did Hamilton mean by this quote?

38. Farmers were not upset only about the tax on whiskey, but about their underrepresentation in state legislatures!

39. Identify 2 problems at home that Washington faced and explain how he dealt with each of them.

40. Problems Abroad Key Question:
Why did events in Europe create problems for America?
Analyze:
Describe how crises in Europe created challenges for the new American government.

41. Problems at Home

42. Britain and France The U.S. was tied to Britain by TRADE
France and the U.S. were allies with the treaty of If France goes to war, the U.S. does, too.

43. French Revolution 1789 Liberty! Equality!
The French, inspired by the American Revolution, revolt against their own government!
How do you think most Americans reacted?
Imagine being a ruling monarch during this time period. How would you have felt about this revolution, following on the heels of the American Revolution?

44. Problems in Europe

45. French Revolution Cont’d
Americans support it at first, until it turns so bloody!
Other European monarchs are fearful, war declared on Britain, Holland and Spain by France
France & Britain at War
France had backed the Americans

46. Jefferson (pro French) vs. Hamilton (pro British)
Washington declares neutrality in 1793, Congress passed law in support
Jefferson attacked for his support of France, tired of Washington supporting Hamilton, resigns
Hard to stay neutral, British seizing American cargo on the seas from the French West Indies and impressing American sailors

47. Jay’s Treaty 1794 With Great Britain
John Jay was sent to England for talks
British agree to leave Ohio Valley and pay for damages to shipping
British Caribbean trade not opened to Americans and British could continue fur trade on our side of the Canadian border
Highly criticized by Americans

48. Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 With Spain
Americans travel freely on Mississippi River, important for trade!
U.S. goods could be stored at New Orleans
Spain accepted the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida and southern boundary of the U.S.

49. Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
Added security to the U.S.
Explain how both of the treaties helped secure the United States and protected their interests.

50. Treaty
Treaty (def.): Agreement, especially one between nations, signed and approved by each nation.
Impressment (def.): Forcing men into military service

51. Handling Problems Abroad

52. Mapwork Identify the following on your map: Mississippi River
New Orleans
Gulf of Mexico
Florida
Boundary between Spanish Florida and the U.S.
Caribbean

53. Washington’s Farewell Address
Analyze:
Explain Washington’s major concerns as he left office.

54. Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and sectionalism (being concerned with your area of the nation over national interests)
He advised against permanent alliances with other nations

55. Political Parties
Political Parties promote the interests of their party and back candidates to run for office
Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists
Who mostly supported each side?

56. John Adams 2nd President
Key Question:
What issues divided Americans during Adams’ presidency?

57. Adams vs. Jefferson Electoral Vote: Adams: 71 Jefferson: 68
Adams becomes President
Jefferson Vice-President
What problems could exist with members of different parties holding the office of President and Vice-President?

58. France Some Federalists want war with France! Adams wants peace
Adams sends 3 representatives to go to France for peace negotiations

59. XYZ Affair
The French Foreign Minister Talleyrand refuses to speak with the U.S. diplomats without first agreeing to loan France $10 million and paying a bribe of $250,000 and sent 3 men, XYZ to tell them!

60. not one cent for tribute!”
Outrage!!!
“Millions for defense,
not one cent for tribute!”
U.S. cancels its treaties with France
Allowed U.S. ships to seize French ships
Congress sets aside $$$ to expand the armed forces & prepare for war!

61. French Conflict Adams and the Federalists gain support
Democratic-Republican newspapers criticized Adams
Adams upset with D-R newspapers and new immigrants sympathetic to their party

62. Alien and Sedition Acts
Adams supports passage by Congress
Targeted aliens, changing the wait period to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years
The president could deport any alien considered dangerous
The president could round up and imprison enemy aliens during wartime

63. Sedition Bill Threatened to fine and imprison anyone who
“shall write, print, utter or publish…scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either House of the Congress…or the President…with intent to defame…or to bring them…into contempt or disrepute: or to excite agaisnt them…the hatred of the good people of the United States.”

64. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
By Jefferson and Madison to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts
States Rights: States could nullify, or cancel, any act of Congress they consider unconstitutional

65. What Happened?
Naturalization Act was repealed in 1802 and the other three acts, enacted a two year expiration date were allowed to lapse in 1800

66. Convention of 1800: Peace With France
Stopped all naval attacks between the two nations
France:
Accepts U.S. neutrality rights at sea
Discharged the U.S. from its obligations under the alliance formed during the American Revolution
U.S. gives France a most-favored nation status as a trade partner

67. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy (def.): relations with the governments of other governments.
How would you describe the foreign policy of Washington?
Adams?

68. Powers
Delegated Powers (def.): Powers clearly given to the national government by the U.S. Constitution.
Reserved Powers (def.): Powers NOT clearly given to the national government by the U.S. Constitution or denied to the states, belong to the states

69. Amendment 10, 1791
“the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

70. Elastic Clause

71. Chapter 8 Essay
Identify and explain two arguments of the Anti-Federalists.
Identify two weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation and explain why each was a weakness.