1. Lifting and Moving Patients
Chapter 35
Lifting and Moving Patients

2. National EMS Education Standard Competencies
EMS Operations
Knowledge of operational roles and responsibilities to ensure patient, public, and personnel safety.

3. Introduction In the course of a call, EMTs move patients.
To move patients without injury, you need to learn proper techniques.
Correct body mechanics, grips, and devices are important.

4. Moving and Positioning the Patient (1 of 3)
When you move a patient, take care that injury does not occur:
To you
To your team
To the patient
Many EMTs are injured lifting and moving patients.

5. Moving and Positioning the Patient (2 of 3)
Training and practice are required.
Special lifting and moving techniques are necessary for:
Patients with head injury, shock, spinal injury
Pregnant patients
Obese patients

6. Moving and Positioning the Patient (3 of 3)
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7. Body Mechanics (1 of 12) In lifting:
Shoulder girdle should be aligned over pelvis.
Hands should be held close to legs.
Force then goes essentially straight down spinal column.
Very little strain occurs.

8. Body Mechanics (2 of 12)

9. Body Mechanics (3 of 12)
This is the correct way to lift.

10. Body Mechanics (4 of 12) You may injure your back:
If you lift with your back curved
If you lift with your back straight but bent significantly forward at the hips

11. Body Mechanics (5 of 12)
This is an incorrect method of lifting.

12. Body Mechanics (6 of 12) Power lift
Legs should be spread about 15″ apart (shoulder width).
Place feet so center of gravity is balanced.
With your back held upright, bring your upper body down by bending the legs.
Grasp the patient/stretcher.

13. Body Mechanics (7 of 12) Power lift (cont’d)
Lift patient by raising your upper body and arms and straightening your legs until standing.
Keep the weight close to your body.
See Skill Drill 35-1.

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Body Mechanics (8 of 12)
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15. Body Mechanics (9 of 12) Power grip gets maximum force from hands.
Palms up
Hands about 10″ apart
All fingers at same angle
Fully support handle on curved palm

16. Body Mechanics (10 of 12)

17. Body Mechanics (11 of 12) To lift a patient by a sheet or blanket:
Center the patient.
Tightly roll up excess fabric on the sides.
Use the cylindrical handle to grasp fabric and lift patient.

18. Body Mechanics (12 of 12)

19. Weight and Distribution (1 of 9)
Whenever possible, use a device that can be rolled.
When a wheeled device is not available, a backboard must be used.

20. Weight and Distribution (2 of 9)
More of the patient’s weight rests on the head half of the device than on the foot half.
Diamond carry and the one-handed carry use one EMT at head and foot, and one on each side of patient’s torso.
See Skill Drill 35-2 and Skill Drill 35-3.

21. Weight and Distribution (3 of 9)

22. Weight and Distribution (4 of 9)
Always secure patient to backboard or stretcher.
So patient cannot slide significantly when stretcher is at an angle

23. Weight and Distribution (5 of 9)
Wheeled ambulance stretcher weighs 40–145 lb.
Generally too heavy for use on stairs

24. Weight and Distribution (6 of 9)
If you must use a backboard or wheeled stretcher on stairs, see Skill Drill 35-4.

25. Weight and Distribution (7 of 9)
A stair chair can be used to bring a conscious patient down to stretcher (see Skill Drill 35-5).

26. Weight and Distribution (8 of 9)

27. Weight and Distribution (9 of 9)
Backboard should be used instead for patient:
In cardiac arrest
Who must be moved in supine position
Who must be immobilized

28. Directions and Commands (1 of 3)
Team actions must be coordinated.
Team leader
Indicates where each team member should be
Rapidly describes sequence of steps to perform before lifting

29. Directions and Commands (2 of 3)
Preparatory commands are used.
Example:
Team leader says, “All ready to stop,” to get team’s attention.
Then team leader says, “Stop!” in louder voice.
Countdowns are also used.

30. Directions and Commands (3 of 3)
Estimate patient’s weight before lifting
Adults often weigh 120–220 lb.
Two EMTs should be able to safely lift this weight.
If patient weighs over 250 lb, use four rescuers.
Place strongest EMT at head end.

31. Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling (1 of 4)
Body drag
When you use a body drag, same principles apply as when lifting and carrying.
Keep back locked and straight.
Kneel.
Extend arms no more than 15–20″ in front of you.

32. Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling (2 of 4)
Log rolling
Log roll the patient onto his or her side to place a patient on a backboard.

33. Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling (3 of 4)
Log rolling (cont’d)
Kneel as close to the patient’s side as possible.
Keep your back straight.
Roll the patient without stopping.

34. Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling (4 of 4)
Rolling the stretcher
Stretcher should be fully elevated.
Push the stretcher from the head end.
Never push with arms fully extended.

35. General Considerations
Move a patient in orderly, planned, unhurried manner.
Carefully plan ahead.
Select methods that will involve least amount of lifting and carrying.

36. Emergency Moves (1 of 5)
Use when there is potential for danger before assessment and management.
Examples: fire, explosives, hazardous materials
Use when you cannot properly assess patient or provide immediate care because of patient’s location or position.

37. Emergency Moves (2 of 5)
If you are alone, use a drag to pull patient along long axis of body.
Use techniques to help prevent aggravation of patient spinal injury.
Clothes drag
Blanket drag
Arm drag
Arm-to-arm drag

38. Emergency Moves (3 of 5)

39. Emergency Moves (4 of 5)
To remove unconscious patient from vehicle alone:
First move legs clear of pedals.
Rotate patient so back is toward open car door.
Place arms through armpits and support head against your body.
Drag patient from seat to a safe location.

40. Emergency Moves (5 of 5)

41. Urgent Moves (1 of 2) Necessary to move patient with:
Altered level of consciousness
Inadequate ventilation
Shock
Rapid extrication technique requires team of knowledgeable EMTs.
See Skill Drill 35-6.

42. Urgent Moves (2 of 2)
Rapid extrication technique is an urgent move and should only be used if urgency exists.
Patient can be moved within 1 minute.
Technique increases damage if patient has spinal injury.
Look at all options before using technique.

43. Nonurgent Moves (1 of 5) Used when both scene and patient are stable
Carefully plan how to move the patient.
Team leader should plan the move.
Personnel
Obstacles identified
Equipment
Path

44. Nonurgent Moves (2 of 5) Choose between:
Direct ground lift (Skill Drill 35-7)
For those with no suspected spinal injury who are supine.
Patient will need to be carried distance.
EMTs stand side by side to lift/carry.

45. Nonurgent Moves (3 of 5) Choose between (cont’d):
Extremity lift (Skill Drill 35-8)
For those with no suspected spinal injury who are supine or sitting
Helpful when patient is in small space
One EMT at patient’s head and the other at patient’s feet
Coordinate moves verbally.

46. Nonurgent Moves (4 of 5)
To transfer a patient from bed to stretcher, use:
Direct carry (see Skill Drill 35-9)
Move supine patient from the bed to stretcher using a direct carry method.
Draw sheet method
Move patient from bed to stretcher using a sheet or blanket.
Scoop stretcher (see Skill Drill 35-10)

47. If this video does not automatically play, please click here.
Nonurgent Moves (5 of 5)
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48. Geriatrics (1 of 2)
Most patients transported by EMS are geriatric patients.
Skeletal changes cause brittle bones, and spinal curvatures present special challenges.
Allay patient’s fears with sympathetic and compassionate approach.

49. Geriatrics (2 of 2) Kyphosis Spondylosis
Source: © Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Kyphosis
Spondylosis

50. Bariatrics (1 of 2) Refers to management of obese people
100 million adults in the US are overweight or obese.
Approximately 20% to 25% of children are overweight or obese.
Back injuries account for the largest number of missed days of work.

51. Bariatrics (2 of 2)
Stretchers and equipment are being produced with higher capacities.
Does not address danger to EMTs of carrying ever-heavier weights
Mechanical ambulance lifts are uncommon in United States.

52. Patient-Moving Equipment (1 of 3)
Stretcher is available in many models with various features.
General features
Head and foot end
Strong metal frame (to push, pull, lift)
Hinges at center allow for elevation of head/back.
Guardrail prevents patient from rolling out.

53. Patient-Moving Equipment (2 of 3)
General features (cont’d)
Undercarriage frame allows adjustment to any height.
Stretcher has locking mechanism when controls are not activated.
Controls are located at the foot end and at one or both sides of most stretchers.

54. Patient-Moving Equipment (3 of 3)
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55. Types of Stretchers (1 of 19)
Wheeled ambulance stretcher
Also called a stretcher or gurney
Most commonly used device

56. Types of Stretchers (2 of 19)
Wheeled ambulance stretcher (cont’d)
Patient may be secured directly to stretcher
Or, patient may be secured to backboard first if:
Suspected spinal injury or multisystem trauma
Patient is in need of CPR

57. Types of Stretchers (3 of 19)
Bariatric stretcher
Specialized for overweight or obese patients
Wider wheel base for increased stability
Source: Courtesy of Stryker Medical

58. Types of Stretchers (4 of 19)
Bariatric stretcher (cont’d)
Some have tow package with winch.
Rated to hold 850–900 lb
Regular stretcher rated for 650 lb max.

59. Types of Stretchers (5 of 19)
Pneumatic and electronic-powered wheeled stretcher
Battery operated electronic controls to raise/lower undercarriage
This increases the weight of stretcher.
Hazardous for uneven terrain or stairs
Source: Courtesy of Stryker Medical

60. Types of Stretchers (6 of 19)
Loading a wheeled stretcher into an ambulance
Ensure the frame is held firmly between two hands so it does not tip.

61. Types of Stretchers (7 of 19)
Loading a wheeled stretcher into an ambulance (cont’d)
Newer models are self-loading, allowing you to push the stretcher into ambulance.
Other models need to be lowered and lifted to the height of the floor of ambulance.
Clamps in ambulance hold stretcher in place.
See Skill Drill

62. Types of Stretchers (8 of 19)
Portable/folding stretcher
Strong, rectangular tubular metal frame with fabric stretched across it

63. Types of Stretchers (9 of 19)
Portable/folding stretcher (cont’d)
Some models have two wheels.
Some can be folded in half.
Used in areas difficult to reach
Weigh less then wheeled stretchers

64. Types of Stretchers (10 of 19)
Flexible stretcher
Can be rolled into a tubular package
Excellent for storage and carrying
Conform around a patient’s sides
Useful for confined spaces
Uncomfortable, but provides support and immobilization

65. Types of Stretchers (11 of 19)
Backboard
Long, flat, and made of rigid rectangular material (mostly plastic)
Used to carry and immobilize patients with suspected spinal injury or other trauma

66. Types of Stretchers (12 of 19)
Backboard (cont’d)
Commonly used for patients found lying down
6′ to 7′ long
Holes serve as handles and a place to secure straps.

67. Types of Stretchers (13 of 19)
Backboard (cont’d)
Short backboards or half-boards are used to immobilize seated patients
Example: the KED vest-type device

68. Types of Stretchers (14 of 19)
Basket stretcher
Rigid stretcher also called a Stokes litter
Used for remote locations inaccessible by a vehicle, including water rescues and technical rope rescues

69. Types of Stretchers (15 of 19)
Basket stretcher (cont’d)
If spinal injury, secure patient to backboard and place inside basket stretcher to carry patient out of location.
When you return to ambulance, lift the backboard out of basket stretcher and place on wheeled stretcher.

70. Types of Stretchers (16 of 19)
Scoop stretcher
Also called orthopaedic stretcher

71. Types of Stretchers (17 of 19)
Scoop stretcher (cont’d)
Splits into two or four pieces
Pieces fit around patient who is lying on flat surface and reconnect
Both sides of patient must be accessible.
Patient must be stabilized and secured on scoop stretcher.

72. Types of Stretchers (18 of 19)
Stair chair
Folding aluminum frame chairs with fabric stretched across to form a seat and back
Most have rubber wheels in the back

73. Types of Stretchers (19 of 19)
Neonatal isolette
Also called an incubator
Neonates cannot be transported on a wheeled stretcher.
Isolette keeps neonate warm, protects from noise, draft, infection, excess handling.
Isolette may be secured to wheeled ambulance stretcher or freestanding.

74. Decontamination Decontaminate equipment after use. For your safety
For the safety of the crew
For the safety of the patient
To prevent the spread of disease

75. Medical Restraints (1 of 2)
Evaluate for correctible causes of combativeness.
Head injury, hypoxia, hypoglycemia
Follow local protocols.
Restraint requires five personnel.
Restrain patient supine.
Positional asphyxia may develop in prone position.

76. Medical Restraints (2 of 2)
Apply restraint to each extremity.
Assess circulation after restraints are applied.
Document all information.

77. Personnel Considerations (1 of 2)
Questions to ask before moving patient:
Am I physically strong enough to lift/move this patient?
Is there adequate room to get the proper stance to lift the patient?
Do I need additional personnel for lifting assistance?

78. Personnel Considerations (2 of 2)
Remember, an injured rescuer cannot help anyone.

79. Summary (1 of 13)
The first key rule of lifting is to always keep your back in an upright position and lift without twisting.
The power lift is the safest and most powerful way to lift.

80. Summary (2 of 13) Pushing is better than pulling.
If you do not have a proper hold, you will not be able to bear your share of the weight, or you may lose your grasp and possibly cause a lower back injury to one or more EMTs.

81. Summary (3 of 13)
It is always best to move a patient on a device that can be rolled.
You must constantly coordinate your movements with those of the other team members and make sure that you communicate with them.

82. Summary (4 of 13)
Ideally, members of the lifting team should also be of similar height and strength.
If you must carry a loaded backboard or stretcher up or down stairs or other inclines, be sure that the patient is tightly secured to the device to prevent sliding.

83. Summary (5 of 13)
Carry the backboard or stretcher foot end first, so that the patient’s head is elevated higher than the feet.
Directions and commands are an important part of safe lifting and carrying.

84. Summary (6 of 13)
You and your team must anticipate and understand every move and execute it in a coordinated manner.
The team leader is responsible for coordinating the moves.
You should try to use four rescuers whenever resources allow.

85. Summary (7 of 13)
You should know how much you can comfortably and safely lift and not attempt to lift more than this amount.
Rapidly summon additional help to lift and carry a weight that is greater than you are able to lift.

86. Summary (8 of 13)
The same basic body mechanics apply for safe reaching and pulling as for lifting and carrying.
Keep you back locked and straight, and avoid twisting.
Do not hyperextend your back when reaching overhead.

87. Summary (9 of 13)
For a nonurgent move, move the patient in an orderly, planned, and unhurried manner, selecting methods that involve the least amount of lifting and carrying.
At times, you may have to use an emergency move to maneuver a patient before providing assessment and care.

88. Summary (10 of 13)
You should perform an urgent move if a patient has an altered level of consciousness, inadequate ventilation, or shock, or in extreme weather conditions.

89. Summary (11 of 13)
The wheeled ambulance stretcher is the most commonly used device to move and transport patients.
Other devices include portable stretchers, flexible stretchers, backboards, basket stretchers, scoop stretchers, and stair chairs.

90. Summary (12 of 13)
Whenever you are moving a patient, you must take special care so that neither you, your team, nor the patient is injured.

91. Summary (13 of 13)
You will learn the technical skills of patient packaging and handling through practice and training.
Training and practice are required to use all the equipment that is available to you.

92. Review What is the first rule of lifting? Twist slowly when you lift
Keep your back in a straight position
Bend at the waist to pick something up
Use your arms to do most of the lifting

93. Review
Answer: B
Rationale: The first rule of lifting is to always keep your back in a straight, upright, position and use the powerful muscles of your thighs. Never twist while lifting.

94. Review What is the first rule of lifting?
Twist slowly when you lift Rationale: You should never twist your back.
Keep your back in a straight position Rationale: Correct answer
Bend at the waist to pick something up Rationale: You should never bend at the waist. Your back should be properly maintained in an upright position.
Use your arms to do most of the lifting Rationale: Use your leg muscles since they are well developed and very strong.

95. Review When lifting a stretcher using the power lift, you should:
bend at the hips, knees, back, and arms.
bend at the waist and keep your back straight.
place your hands palms up on the litter handle.
place your hands palms down on the litter's side bars.

96. Review
Answer: C
Rationale: When lifting any heavy object, your hands should be facing palms up; this provides better lifting power and is not as stressful on the wrists.

97. Review (1 of 2)
When lifting a stretcher using the power lift, you should:
bend at the hips, knees, back, and arms. Rationale: When lifting, keep your back and arms straight. Always bend at the knees.
bend at the waist and keep your back straight. Rationale: When lifting, always keep your back straight. Never bend at the waist.

98. Review (2 of 2)
When lifting a stretcher using the power lift, you should:
place your hands palms up on the litter handle. Rationale: Correct answer
place your hands palms down on the litter's side bars. Rationale: Your hands have the greatest strength when your palms are facing up.

99. Review
It is impractical to apply a vest-style extrication device on a critically-injured patient to remove him or her from a wrecked vehicle because it:
takes too long to correctly apply.
does not fully immobilize the spine.
cannot be used on patients who are in their car.
does not provide adequate c-spine stabilization.

100. Review
Answer: A
Rationale: It takes several minutes to correctly apply a vest-style extrication device. This is too much time to waste when treating a critically-injured patient. A long spine board would be more appropriate. Vest-style immobilization devices, when applied correctly, provide adequate spinal motion restriction and are ideal to use in stable patients who need to be removed from their vehicle.

101. Review (1 of 2)
It is impractical to apply a vest-style extrication device on a critically-injured patient to remove him or her from a wrecked vehicle because it:
takes too long to correctly apply. Rationale: Correct answer
does not fully immobilize the spine. Rationale: When applied correctly, the vest provides adequate restriction of the spine.

102. Review (2 of 2)
It is impractical to apply a vest-style extrication device on a critically-injured patient to remove him or her from a wrecked vehicle because it:
cannot be used on patients who are in their car. Rationale: When a patient is stable, the vest is a beneficial device for vehicle extrications.
does not provide adequate c-spine stabilization. Rationale: The vest provides adequate restriction of the spine.

103. Review
Proper guidelines for correct reaching include all of the following, EXCEPT:
avoiding twisting your back.
avoiding hyperextension of your back.
keeping the back in a locked-in position.
reaching no more than 30” in front of your body.

104. Review
Answer: D
Rationale: When reaching, you should keep your back in a locked-in position, and avoid twisting or hyperextending your back. Do not reach more than 15" to 20" in front of your body.

105. Review (1 of 2)
Proper guidelines for correct reaching include all of the following, EXCEPT:
avoiding twisting your back. Rationale: Never twist your back while reaching or lifting.
avoiding hyperextension of your back. Rationale: Never bend or hyperextend your back.

106. Review (2 of 2)
Proper guidelines for correct reaching include all of the following, EXCEPT:
keeping the back in a locked-in position. Rationale: Always keep your back straight in a locked position.
reaching no more than 30" in front of your body. Rationale: Correct answer

107. Review
An injured hang glider is trapped at the top of a large mountain and must be evacuated to the ground. The terrain is very rough and uneven. Which of the following devices would be the safest and most appropriate to use?
Stair chair
Stokes basket
Scoop stretcher
Long spine board

108. Review
Answer: B
Rationale: A basket stretcher, also called a “stokes” basket, should be used to carry patients over rough or uneven terrain that is inaccessible by ambulance. Its closed-ended sides protect the patient from falling out of the device.

109. Review (1 of 2)
An injured hang glider is trapped at the top of a large mountain and must be evacuated to the ground. The terrain is very rough and uneven. Which of the following devices would be the safest and most appropriate to use?
Stair chair Rationale: This is used to transfer a patient up and down stairs.
Stokes basket Rationale: Correct answer

110. Review (2 of 2)
An injured hang glider is trapped at the top of a large mountain and must be evacuated to the ground. The terrain is very rough and uneven. Which of the following devices would be the safest and most appropriate to use?
Scoop stretcher Rationale: This is designed to split into 2 or 4 pieces. It must have access to both sides of patient and the patient should be lying on a relatively flat surface.
Long spine board Rationale: There is no protection for the patient from falling off or out of the device.

111. Review
When two EMTs are lifting a patient on a long backboard, they should:
lift the patient from the sides of the board.
make every attempt to lift with their backs.
position the strongest EMT at the foot of the board.
position the strongest EMT at the head of the board.

112. Review
Answer: D
Rationale: Since more than half of the patient's weight is distributed to the head end of a backboard or stretcher, you should always ensure that the strongest EMT is at that position. This will reduce the risk of injury to less stronger personnel as well as the risk of dropping the patient.

113. Review (1 of 2)
When two EMTs are lifting a patient on a long backboard, they should:
lift the patient from the sides of the board. Rationale: This may cause the backboard to tip since the upper torso is heavier.
make every attempt to lift with their backs. Rationale: Never lift with your back. Always use your legs.

114. Review (2 of 2)
When two EMTs are lifting a patient on a long backboard, they should:
position the strongest EMT at the foot of the board. Rationale: The strongest EMT should be at the patient’s head, where the patient’s weight is greater.
position the strongest EMT at the head of the board. Rationale: Correct answer

115. Review
Which of the following techniques is considered to be an emergency move?
Extremity lift
Supine transfer
Firefighter's drag
Direct ground lift

116. Review
Answer: C
Rationale: The firefighter's drag is a one-person technique that is used when a patient must be removed from a life-threatening situation immediately.

117. Review
Which of the following techniques is considered to be an emergency move?
Extremity lift Rationale: This is a nonurgent move, helpful in narrow spaces.
Supine transfer Rationale: This is not considered to be an emergency move.
Firefighter's drag Rationale: Correct answer
Direct ground lift Rationale: This is a nonurgent move, used to carry a patient long distances to the cot.

118. Review
To extract a patient from the basement of a building, you must transport the patient up a flight of stairs. In doing this, you must ensure that:
the elevated head of the backboard goes first.
the backboard with the elevated foot end goes first.
the backboard is slightly tilted to the left to distribute weight.
the patient's feet are higher than his or her head, whichever end is carried first.

119. Review
Answer: A
Rationale: When you carry a patient upstairs or up an incline, you must ensure that the elevated head of the backboard or stretcher goes first. This will help to equally distribute the weight.

120. Review (1 of 2)
To extract a patient from the basement of a building, you must transport the patient up a flight of stairs. In doing this, you must ensure that:
the elevated head of the backboard goes first. Rationale: Correct answer
the backboard with the elevated foot end goes first. Rationale: Always try to carry the head higher to distribute the weight.

121. Review (2 of 2)
To extract a patient from the basement of a building, you must transport the patient up a flight of stairs. In doing this, you must ensure that:
the backboard is slightly tilted to the left to distribute weight. Rationale: Backboards are designed to carry a patient flat and the weight is best distributed when the head is slightly elevated.
the patient's feet are higher than his or her head, whichever end is carried first. Rationale: Carries are easier with the patient’s head first and elevated for distribution of the patient’s weight.

122. Review
If an injured patient needs to be moved but is not in immediate danger from fire or building collapse, you should first:
order the equipment you need for extrication.
check the patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation.
remove the patient with the rapid extrication technique.
determine the number of people you will need to move the patient.

123. Review
Answer: B
Rationale: The only time your attention should be directed away from the primary assessment of the patient is when the patient’s life or your life is in immediate danger.

124. Review (1 of 2)
If an injured patient needs to be moved but is not in immediate danger from fire or building collapse, you should first:
order the equipment you need for extrication. Rationale: This is not the first thing you should do.
check the patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation. Rationale: Correct answer

125. Review (2 of 2)
If an injured patient needs to be moved but is not in immediate danger from fire or building collapse, you should first:
remove the patient with the rapid extrication technique. Rationale: The patient is not in immediate danger, so this is not needed.
determine the number of people you will need to move the patient. Rationale: After the ABC’s have been checked, then the EMT can determine the safest method of extrication.

126. Review The rapid extrication technique is a:
nonurgent move to remove a patient from a vehicle.
technique used to transfer a patient from a bed to a stretcher.
technique used to lift a patient with no suspected spinal injury onto a stretcher.
technique used to quickly remove a patient from a vehicle and onto a backboard.

127. Review
Answer: D
Rationale: By using the rapid extrication technique, a seriously injured patient can be moved from a sitting position in a vehicle to a supine position on a backboard while protecting the spine at the same time.

128. Review (1 of 2) The rapid extrication technique is a:
nonurgent move to remove a patient from a vehicle. Rationale: This is considered to be an urgent move.
technique used to transfer a patient from a bed to a stretcher. Rationale: This is used to move a patient from a vehicle to a backboard.

129. Review (2 of 2) The rapid extrication technique is a:
technique used to lift a patient with no suspected spinal injury onto a stretcher. Rationale: This is not a lifting technique. The patient is placed on a backboard and not a stretcher.
technique used to quickly remove a patient from a vehicle and onto a backboard. Rationale: Correct answer

130. Credits
Background slide image: © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Courtesy of MIEMSS.