1. Do-Now: What was “reborn” during the Renaissance?
Unit 12: The Renaissance
Do-Now: What was “reborn” during the Renaissance?

2. The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “modern era”
Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance
From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a “rebirth” in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas
During the Renaissance, Europeans developed new ideas in art, gov’t, & human potential
The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “modern era”

3. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance?
Trade & Cities?
Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential?

4. What was trade like during the Middle Ages?

5. What were things like in the Renaissance?

6. Italian merchants began meeting the demand for trade in Europe
The Crusades increased European demand for luxury goods from China, India, and Middle East
Italian merchants began meeting the demand for trade in Europe

7. As a result, Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class began to form in Italy
The most dominant Italian city was Florence, where wealth from trade sparked the Renaissance
A new middle class of bankers, merchants, & skilled craftsmen gained lots of power
The Medici family were wealthy bankers who used their wealth to turn Florence into Italy’s most artistic city

8. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance?
Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential?
Government?

9. What was government like in the Middle Ages?

10. What was government like in the Renaissance?

11. Kings were able to tax merchants & use their wealth to build armies & strong nations which hurt the power of the feudal lords
From 1337 to 1453, England & France began a conflict called the Hundred Years War
During the war, nationalism increased as people became loyal to their king & nation, rather than their lord
The 100 Years War led to: to 1453.

12. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance?
Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential?
Religion?

13. What was religion like in the Middle Ages?

14. What was religion like during the Renaissance?

15. In the late Middle Ages, the Pope & the Catholic Church lost some of its influence as a result of the losses to Muslim armies during the Crusades
Despite having less influence, the Catholic Church was still an important part of peoples’ lives & the pope remained important

16. What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance?
Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential?
Human Potential?

17. What were common people expected to do during the Middle Ages?

18. What was expected of people during the Renaissance?

19. During the Middle Ages, peasants did not own land & had no options other than remaining loyal to a feudal lord & work within the manorial system

20. The rise of trade during the Renaissance gave people options to leave the manor & move to cities to serve as merchants or skilled artisans

21. During the Renaissance, people had more options than ever before which led to a belief that people can accomplish anything

22. Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance
Social status was based on wealth & ability, not birthright
A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism
Humanism stressed the individual and the potential of individual will and genius
Humanists studied the “classical” ideas of Greece & Rome & believed that education could make the world a better place

23. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)— The “Father of Humanism”
Considered the first modern writer. In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate to religion.
Secular focus – a concern with materialism rather than religion.
Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Renaissance) were the “Dark Ages”
He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. Especially influenced by Cicero.
Wrote his famous poetry in the Italian vernacular (as
did Dante earlier in his Divine Comedy).

24. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Compiled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology
Decameron is his most famous work
Consisted of 100 worldly tales that comprise a social commentary of 14th century Italy
Aimed to impart wisdom of human character and behavior (especially sexual and economic misbehavior).

25. Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) – The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Perhaps most important work on Renaissance Education
Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman
including physical and intellectual abilities and leading an active life
Rejected crude contemporary social habits (e.g. spitting on the floor, eating without utensils, wiping one’s nose with one’s sleeve, etc.)

26. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - The Prince (1513)
Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia
who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control
Stated that politically, “the end justifies the means”
Stated that for rulers, “it was better to be feared than to be loved”
Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless
At times rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical)

27. “Renaissance Man” & “Renaissance Women”
The “ideal man” was well educated, smart, can dance, write poetry, & play music; (called a “Renaissance Man”)
Virtú – civic duty to use wealth to beautify surroundings and city-state
The “ideal woman” should have the same qualities as men but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were better educated but had fewer rights than medieval women. Use knowledge to run household)

28. Closure Activity: Visual Metaphor
On your notes, complete the visual metaphor 6. 5. 7. 4. 1. 3. 2.

30. Art showed peoples’ new social & political status
The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance
The rise of cities brought artists together which led to new techniques & styles of art
Art showed peoples’ new social & political status
The rise of cities brought artists together & shared ideas—this led to new techniques & styles
Increased trade gave rise to Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class of bankers & merchants
Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to show off their new status by commissioning art

31. Art showed peoples’ new social & political status
The most important Italian city-state was Florence; In this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began
Art showed peoples’ new social & political status
The rise of cities brought artists together & shared ideas—this led to new techniques & styles
Florence was home to the Medici family, the wealthiest & most powerful bankers in Europe
The Medici used their wealth to commission art for themselves & to beautify Florence

32. Florence under the Medici
Lorenzo
Guiliano
Cosimo
This painting by Botticelli was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici & depicts Cosimo, Lorenzo, & Guiliano de Medici as the three magi
The Medici paid to build a massive domed cathedral for Florence engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi
Medici Chapel
Lorenzo de Medici commissioned this painting from Botticelli of the Medici brothers as the three magi
The Medici Palace

33. New styles & techniques of Renaissance art
Realism & emotion
Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome
Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people
Geometric arrangements
Perspective – della Francesca, Massaccio
Using light & shadows
Sfumato
The first nude paintings & sculptures since the Romans
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato is a term used by Leonardo da Vinci to refer to a painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth, volume and form. In particular, it refers to the blending of colours or tones so subtly that there is no perceptible transition.
An element in art, chiaroscuro (Italian for lightdark) is defined as a bold contrast between light and dark
Greek
Renaissance

34. Renaissance Artists

35. Donatello Donatello was the 1st great sculptor of the Renaissance
Donatello revived the classical (Greco-Roman) style of sculpture that were realistic & could be viewed from all sides
Donatello’s “David” was the 1st large, free-standing human sculpture of the Renaissance

36. Michelangelo
Michelangelo was one of the most famous Renaissance artists:
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, & poet
His sculptures & paintings showed realism, detail of the human body, & expression to show personality & emotion
In addition, artists such as the sculptor, poet, architect, and painter Michelangelo (MY•kuhl•AN•juh•LOH) Buonarroti used a realistic style when depicting the human body. Donatello (DAHN•uh•TEHL•oh) also made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality. He revived a classical form in his statue of David, a boy who, according to the Bible, became a great king.

37. Michelangelo sculptures “Pieta”& “David” are considered masterpieces

38. Michelangelo’s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which shows Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty

40. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was a true “Renaissance Man”
He was a painter & sculptor whose art was known for incredible realism & emotion
He was also an inventor & scientist whose sketches reveal observations about human anatomy & new engineering technology
Leonardo, Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci (LAY•uh•NAHR•doh duh•VIHN•chee) was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. A true “Renaissance man,” he was interested in how things worked. He studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf. He filled his notebooks with observations and sketches. Then he incorporated his findings in his art. Among his many masterpieces, Leonardo painted one of the best-known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa (page 478). The woman in the portrait seems so real that many writers have tried to explain the thoughts behind her smile. Leonardo also produced a famous religious painting, The Last Supper. It shows the personalities of Jesus’ disciples through facial expressions.

41. His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece

42. Leonardo da Vinci’s greatest masterpiece was the “Mona Lisa” which was known for its emotion & depth

43. Leonardo’s Inventions

45. Raphael Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting
He improved perspective and realism by studying Leonardo & Michelangelo
Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing a combination of famous Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people
Raphael Advances Realism Raphael (RAHF•ee•uhl) Sanzio was younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo. He learned from studying their works. One of Raphael’s favorite subjects was the Madonna and child. Raphael often portrayed their expressions as gentle and calm. He was famous for his use of Perspective. In his greatest achievement, Raphael filled the walls of Pope Julius II’s library with paintings. One of these, School of Athens (page 479), conveys the classical influence on the Renaissance. Raphael painted famous Renaissance figures, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself, as classical philosophers and their students.

46. Raphael’s greatest painting was “School of Athens” which blended Classical figures from Greece & Rome with important people from the Renaissance
Plato (drawn to
look like Da Vinci)
Aristotle
Raphael
Pythagoras
Michelangelo
Euclid

47. Raphael’s “Betrothal of the Virgin”

49. Filippo Brunelleschi Brunelleschi was Florence’s greatest architect:
He studied the Roman Pantheon when he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence
The dome inspired modern building designs

50. US Capital, Washington, D.C.
Dome Comparisons
US capital
US Capital, Washington, D.C.
St. Peter’s, Rome
Il Duomo, Florence
St. Paul’s, London

51. Effects of the Renaissance on Society
Status of Artists increases
Creative genius recognized and rewarded.
Mostly an elitist culture
Little direct effect on middle classes and the working class.

52. Social History – Effects on everyday average people
Printing Press – revolution in knowledge/literacy increases/propaganda uses
Clocks – people learn to quantify time/time keeping and clocks are important for scheduling/controlling urban life
Women – Upper class women lose status during Renaissance
Christine de Pisan – City of Ladies
Rape of women by upper-class men common and not considered a serious crime
Homosexuality widespread – important in shaping masculine gender identity
Adult male with adolescent under 18.
Society did not see this as unmasculine because for a lot of men marriage and women were not available.
Male bonding.
Slavery of Africans in Renaissance society.
Biblical interpretation – Black – dark – evil
- White – light – good
- Blacks also a status symbol/amusement/actors/musicians

53. As these ideas spread, this “Northern Renaissance” developed its own characteristics
The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars & merchants from other areas visited Italian city-states

54. Christian Humanists – create a more perfect world by combining the best of the Classical world with Christian culture
The Renaissance in France was most known for its unique architecture/art – more religious/less influenced by classics

55. The Renaissance in England was most known for literature, especially the plays of William Shakespeare
Known as the Elizabethan Age ( ) – Queen Elizabeth I patronized artists and writers.

56. The Renaissance in the Netherlands was most known for realism in art using oil paints
Peter Paul Reubens – best known for Baroque style which emphasized color, movement, and sensuality
Peasant Wedding by Pieter Bruegel – Ordinary Everyday Scenes
Self Portrait by Albrecht Durer– German “Leonardo”
Wedding Portrait by Jan Van Eyck – Human Personality

57. Thomas More ( )
Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest government position of any humanist
Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England
Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece
Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island
More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t
In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good. (Socialistic Society)
War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th century do not exist.

58. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists (Dutch Monk)
Master of the Greek language; one of Europe’s foremost authorities
Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create ‘purer’ editions.
He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing— an extremely impressive achievement.
The Praise of Folly (1513)
Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for mass consumption
Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it.
Satirized people’s worldly ambitions, including the clergy.
Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy
The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther. (Reformation Leader)

59. François Rabelais (1494-1553) – French Humanist
His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
Gargantua and Pantagruel ( )
A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society
Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning
Believed that human beings were basically good.

60. Renaissance Politics
Kings and Politicians used Machiavellian Principles to get and stay in power
France
England
Spain

61. France Charles VI Increased importance to middle class men
Taxes on salt and land – improve royal treasury.
Remodels army
Pragmatic sanction of Bourges – 1438
Louis XI – “The Spider King” – True Renaissance Prince
$$$ as the answer – new industries/commerce
Improve the army
Expanded royal authority
Foundation for French royal absolutism – remodeled gov’t
Francis I – Concordat of Bologna

62. England War of Roses – 1455-1471 – upper class civil war
Yorks vs. Lancasters
Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VII (Tudor) – reduce power of nobles
Parliament controls $$$ - therefore avoided expensive wars
Royal Council/Star Chamber (Henry VIII)
No standing army – justices of peace to maintain order

63. Spain
Reconquista
Ferdinand I and Isabella – 1469 – Married and united territories – Aragon and Castille
United in defense but separate in local issues
Hermandades – brotherhoods – local police
Royal Council
National Church
Marranos – Spanish Jews
Moriscos – Spanish Muslims
1492 – Expel all practicing Jews and Muslims

64. Guess if the following pieces of art (A-J) are: Renaissance or Medieval

65. Renaissance (Titian) A

66. Medieval (tapestry)
Medeival B

67. (Early) Renaissance (Giotto)
Giotto-(Measta of Ognissanti) C

68. (late) Medieval (Cimebue)
Cimebue—(Maesta of St. Trinesta) D

69. (late) Medieval
Medieval E

70. Renaissance (Raphael)
Raphael—Agnolo Doni (1506)--Renaissance F

71. Renaissance (Botticelli)
Botticelli—Renaissance (Madonna of Melagrana) G

72. Renaissance (Lippi)
Lippi—(Madonna with Child and Angels)--Renaissance H

73. Renaissance (da Vinci)
madonna litta by leonardo da vinci I

74. (late) Medieval (Rublev)
The Old Testament Trinity Prefiguring the Incarnation"  by Andrei Rublev, c.1410 J