1. The Long Reach of the Law
What Your Company Needs to Know About
International Foreign Corruption Laws
May 8th, 2012
Presentation to the Georgia Chapter of the
Association of Corporate Counsel
Benjamin I. Bard
Ethics & Compliance Counsel
The Coca-Cola Company
Tim Love
Internal Audit Group Manager
United Parcel Service, Inc.
Paul Schabas, Partner
Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP

2. Introduction
As business becomes increasingly global, companies with international operations need to ensure compliance with not just domestic but also international anti-corruption laws.

3. Introduction (cont’d)
In this presentation, we will:
compare and contrast U.S., Canadian and U.K. anti-corruption legislation;
2. discuss recent enforcement trends in Canada and the U.S.;
discuss specific Canadian anti-corruption considerations which companies carrying on business in Canada should be aware of; and
address considerations in building a robust anti-corruption compliance program.

4. Anti-Corruption Legislation
Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA)
Canadian Legislation
Dedicated RCMP units
Recent charges, raids, and several investigations pending
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
U.S. Legislation
Very active enforcement by SEC and DOJ
Bribery Act 2010 (Bribery Act)
U.K. Legislation
Came into force July 1, 2011
Very broad application
Strict liability

5. CFPOA
Prohibits bribery of foreign public officials by criminal sanction
Penalties for breach include:
Imprisonment for up to five years for individuals
Unlimited fines
Probation for corporations, including monitoring and compliance conditions
Forfeiture of all proceeds – not just profits – of any contract obtained by corruption
Significant reputational and business losses
Potential debarment
No limitation period
Applies to any conduct where there is a “nexus” or “real and substantial” connection to Canada

6. CFPOA (cont’d) Applies to corporations and individuals
Corporations can be held vicariously responsible for the acts of their employees, agents or contractors
The bribe does not need to be cash, it can be anything of value
If it constitutes a “material or tangible gain” to the foreign official, it is a benefit
What constitutes a “material or tangible gain” may be different in Canada than for a foreign official earning US$200/month
For example: gifts, extravagant hospitality, travel, accommodations, tickets to events, use of company property or services, or jobs or education for family members, could be considered benefits
Covers bribes that are given directly or indirectly
Includes bribes given by agents, joint venture partners and other third parties

7. CFPOA (cont’d) Foreign Public Officials include:
Any person who holds a legislative, judicial or administrative position in any level of government (national to local)
Employees of wholly or partially state-owned or controlled corporations
Bribes paid to relatives or political parties are also prohibited
3 exceptions to the CFPOA bribery offence:
Payments permitted under the laws of the foreign state
Reasonable expenses incurred by or on behalf of the foreign public official that are directly related to:
the promotion, demonstration or explanation of your products or services, or
the execution or performance of a contract with the foreign official’s state
Facilitation payments

8. FCPA
Enacted in 1977 in response to the Watergate scandal and revelations that U.S. businesses frequently bribed foreign public officials
The FCPA applies to:
U.S. Issuers
Domestic Concerns
An individual who is a citizen, national or resident of the U.S.
A corporation, partnership or business trust organized pursuant to the laws of the U.S., or that has its principal place of business in the U.S.
Includes officers, directors and agents
Foreign Nationals or Businesses that take any action in furtherance of a corrupt payment in the U.S.
DOJ position: only tenuous U.S. connection required

9. FCPA (cont’d) Similar to CFPOA, though 2 key differences:
books, records, and internal control requirements for issuers; and
option for civil enforcement through SEC.
FCPA anti-bribery provisions prohibit:
corruptly offering anything of value to any foreign official for the purpose of influencing the decision of that official to do anything that assists the offeror in the obtaining or retaining of business, or gaining an improper advantage
Similar exceptions to CFPOA

10. FCPA (cont’d) Liability for Third Parties:
A company may be liable for a payment by an agent or third party if: (a) the company authorized such payment; or (b) if it “knew” the improper payment would be made
A company is deemed to have knowledge of a payment if it is aware of a “high probability” that such an offer, promise, or payment will be made
Many companies regularly contract with third parties, such as sales or marketing agents, consultants and joint venture partners
These relationships can greatly increase corruption risks in one of two ways:
a third party makes improper payments to government officials, or
a third party is owned by or affiliated with a government official

11. FCPA (cont’d) Books and Records Requirements:
Rationale is to prohibit companies from concealing bribes in accounting records
FCPA imposes certain record-keeping requirements on issuers
Requires every issuer to “make and keep books, records, and accounts which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets”
Applies to subsidiaries
Issuers must also maintain a system of internal controls that “provides reasonable assurances that….transactions are executed in accordance” with GAAP
Substantial cash rewards for whistleblowers (10-30% of monetary sanctions over US$1-million) – Dodd-Frank Act

12. U.K. Bribery Act Came into force July 1, 2011 Applies to:
U.K. individuals or organizations regardless of where the conduct occurs
Non-U.K. individuals or organizations that carry on “a business, or part of a business, in any part of the United Kingdom”
Potentially very broad
Could apply to any company or individual that has even a small subsidiary, affiliate or other minor presence in the U.K.
No part of the offence need take place in the U.K.

13. U.K. Bribery Act (cont’d)
Applies to both public- and private-sector bribery
New corporate offence of failing to prevent bribery
Strict liability offence: knowledge or intent to bribe on the part of the organization is not required
Main defense for commercial organizations is to demonstrate “adequate procedures” in place, e.g.
measures relating to monitoring and communication within the corporation;
top-level commitment;
proportionate procedures; and
risk assessment.
Very important to have anti-corruption compliance program
Facilitation and hospitality payments are not permitted

14. Recent Enforcement Trends in Canada
Niko Resources
Guilty plea and joint submission for total fine of $9,499,000
Followed six-year investigation
Bribes involving provision of SUV to individual in Bangladesh
Sentence included for three years’ probation with extensive monitoring conditions:
Broad document disclosure to RCMP
Requirement to establish a detailed compliance, record-keeping and monitoring program subject to review by an independent auditor

15. Recent Enforcement Trends in Canada (cont’d)
Niko sentence dwarfed only prior conviction under the CFPOA, a C$25,000 fine in 2005
Sentencing precedents submitted by the prosecutor were U.S. FCPA cases
The Probation Order was also copied from U.S. precedents
Likely sets a benchmark for CFPOA fines in Canada

16. Ongoing CFPOA Investigations
In 2010, the RCMP announced it had 23 open investigations.
Nazir Karigar
Former employee of Cryptometrics, a company developing facial recognition software for airports and governments
Charges laid against him individually
Allegations of bribes paid to Indian officials concerning a security system contract
Blackfire Exploration Ltd.
Criminal investigation underway
RCMP executed a search warrant and raided the Calgary offices
Stems from 14 payments made to the Mayor of Chicomuselo, Mexico for protection from anti-mining protests
SNC Lavalin Group
In September 2011, the RCMP raided its Toronto offices
Allegations of corruption in the bid process of World Bank-funded Padma Bridge Project in Bangladesh

17. U.S. Enforcement Trends
Massive Penalties: Under the FCPA, the U.S. government has assessed over US$3.4-billion in penalties since December 2008
U.S. Enforcement Agencies continue to enforce the FCPA aggressively. There were 54 resolved actions in 2011
10 Largest FCPA Settlements:
Siemens (Germany): $800 million in 2008
KBR / Halliburton (U.S.): $579 million in 2009
BAE (U.K.): $400 million in 2010
Snamprogetti Netherlands B.V. / ENI S.p.A. (Holland/Italy): $365 million in 2010
Technip S.A. (France): $338 million in 2010
JGC Corporation (Japan): $218.8 million in 2011
Daimler AG (Germany): $185 million in 2010
Alcatel-Lucent (France): $137 million in 2010
Panalpina (Switzerland): $81.8 million in 2010
Johnson & Johnson (U.S.): $70 million in 2011
Eight of the top 10 largest FCPA settlements occurred in 2010 or 2011

18. U.S. Enforcement Trends
Pursuance of personal criminal liability for directors and officers is a significant aspect of the strategy of U.S. enforcement authorities
“Let me be clear, prosecuting individuals is a cornerstone of our enforcement strategy…. the risk of heading to prison for bribery is real, from the boardroom to the warehouse.” – U.S. Attorney General, Eric Holder (Paris, May 26, 2010)
Many individuals charged: 17 (2010), 42 (2009), 16 (2008), 17 (2007)
January 2010, DOJ arrested and indicted 22 individual defendants as a result of a wide-ranging sting operation
2011, Geoffrey Tesler, former agent of the TSKJ consortium, pleaded guilty to offences carrying a maximum sentence of 10 years and agreed to forfeit $149-million held in his company’s Swiss bank accounts to the U.S. government
October 26, 2011, Joel Esquenazi, former president of Terra Telecommunications, received 15-year sentence relating to scheme to bribe officials of Haiti Teleco. Longest jail term under the FCPA.

19. Canadian Domestic Anti-Corruption Laws
Aside from compliance with international anti-corruption legislation, companies with operations in Canada need to ensure compliance with Canadian domestic anti-corruption legislation.
The Canadian Criminal Code contains provisions which go beyond the FCPA, CFPOA or Bribery Act.

20. Practical Strategies for Compliance with Anti-Corruption Legislation
An anti-corruption risk mitigation strategy should be part of an overall compliance program for all companies that do business internationally
Three main components to an anti-corruption risk mitigation strategy:
risk assessment – spotting the “red flags”;
implementing an appropriate compliance program; and
if a potential incident occurs, respond appropriately.

21. Spotting the “Red Flags”
The following are “red flags” that indicate your organization is potentially at risk:
Employee, agent or partner is a foreign official, related to a foreign official, or has a close relationship with a foreign official
Payments are made to accounts outside the country you are doing business in, or made to “cash” or “bearer”
Employee, agent or partner is requesting payment of unusually large commissions
Employee, agent or partner has undisclosed sub-agents or associates
Employee, agent or partner is making payments to, or incurring expenses in respect of, undisclosed persons
Partner or agent appears to lack necessary qualifications
Employee, partner or agent is submitting expenses that are unusual or unaccounted for, or lack transparency
Agent or partner resides outside the country

22. Spotting the “Red Flags” (cont’d)
Other red flags:
An industry that has been the subject of recent anti-bribery investigations, for example, oil and energy sector, mining, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, defence
Significant use of third-party agents, for example, sales representatives, consultants, distributors, subcontractors, or logistics personnel (customs, visas, freight forwarders)
Significant contracts with a foreign government or state owned or controlled corporation
Substantial revenue from a foreign government or state owned or controlled corporation
Substantial system of regulatory approval, for example, for licenses and permits, in the foreign country
History of prior government bribery or investigations or prosecutions
Poor or no anti-bribery policy and training
Weak corporate compliance program and culture
Significant issues in past anti-corruption audits
Weak internal controls at the parent or in foreign country operations

23. Is the company in the red?

24. Compliance Program
An appropriate compliance program includes the following components:
communication of a top-down commitment to anti-corruption compliance
implementation of an appropriate anti-corruption policy
train officers and employees on your anti-corruption policy and enforce the policy
use appropriate contractual terms with agents and partners
conduct periodic due diligence

25. Train and Enforce the Policy
Policy needs to send a strong message that corruption and bribery will not be tolerated
Senior member(s) of the company should be appointed to oversee compliance and to act as Compliance Officer
Do not delegate substantial discretionary authority to foreign agents or other high-risk individuals
Should include a mechanism for reporting potential violations
Any Facilitation Payment or payment for the expenses of a foreign official should be pre-approved by a Compliance Officer
Foreign agents and joint venture partners should only be used with pre-approval of the Compliance Officer
Compliance Officer should have authority to retain counsel and investigate

26. Anti-Corruption Policy
Even the best written policy is of little use if it is not implemented and enforced
Periodic training should be provided to employees and officers on your company’s policy and CFPOA compliance
Be sure to document all training
A system of discipline for violations of your company’s policy is also required

27. Conclusion
Increased enforcement and penalties have resulted in corporations coming under greater scrutiny to ensure that foreign operations comply with anti-corruption legislation
As a result, to avoid future liability, companies should implement a robust compliance program that includes an effective anti-corruption policy, training of officers and employees, the use of appropriate contractual terms with agents and partners, and due diligence
It is increasingly important that companies conduct appropriate and thorough due diligence in transactions in which a business with foreign operations is acquired

28. Questions?