1. Cuban Missile Crisis
13 days in October

2. The Cuban Missile Crisis

3. Lesson overview What was the background to the events in Cuba?
How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’?
Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba?
What happened during the October Crisis?
What was the outcome of the crisis?

4. What was the background to the events in Cuba?
Cuba, small island, 160 km from coast of Florida
US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo)
1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government.
Why was Cuba so important to the Americans?

5. How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’?
Castro takes over US businesses
January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations
April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro
Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel
The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961?

6. Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba?
Cuba was a new Communist state
Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs)
Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK
Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe
Why does this cartoonist think that Khrushchev was interested in Cuba?

7. What happened during the October Crisis?
Why have some modern historians questioned the accuracy of these spy plane pictures?
14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba
Sites nearing completion, experts believe they could be ready in 7 days
US spy planes identify 20 Soviet ships bound for Cuba carrying missiles

8. Castro’s Role No real role in decision making
Apparently out of touch with the situation
Oct. 26: “Aggression imminent/imperialists disregarding world opinion”—Clearly not the case
Khrushchev plays along to some extent but it is clear he disagrees with him (“your suggestion would have started a thermonuclear world war”)

9.  Your task
President John F Kennedy was faced with a number of extremely difficult decisions that could decide the fate of the world! With your partner, discuss the option choice with regard to advantages and disadvantages. We will determine two key options based on your analysis.
Problem-solving task

10. One of our U-2 flights over Cuba has revealed what analysts believe to be nuclear missiles. Sir, the missiles look to be from the Soviet Union.

11. The Missiles: One Site
Aug.
1962

12.  Your task
You are about to find out what actually happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Examine the timeline in your notes. When was the crisis at its peak?

13. It’s time to discuss military options sir
It’s time to discuss military options sir. The Soviets still deny that there are nuclear missiles in Cuba.

14. What happened during the October Crisis?
20 October, Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba
22 October, Kennedy publicly calls on Khrushchev to remove weapons

15. What happened during the October Crisis?
23 October Khrushchev refuses to acknowledge blockade or presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba
24 October, 1st Soviet ships (accompanied by submarine) approach 800 km exclusion zone

16. What happened during the October Crisis?
24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn round
25 October, aerial photos show continued construction of missile sites
26 October, Kennedy receives another letter offering to negotiate over missiles in Cuba with removal of blockade and US invasion threat
27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey too

17. The American Decision
In September Kennedy had stated and Congress had passed a resolution saying that if the Soviet Union placed offensive weapons in Cuba we would not tolerate it.
Could we then rely solely on diplomacy? The Kennedys thought the President could be “impeached” if he didn’t act in accordance with his prior warnings
Determined in first 48 hours of crisis that the removal of missiles was the primary objective
This objective effectively ruled out isolated diplomacy, and left two options…

18. What happened during the October Crisis?
27 October, US U2 plane shot down over Cuba & pilot killed. Kennedy decides to ignore second letter, but accepts terms of 1st letter
28 October, Khrushchev agrees to dismantle Soviet missiles in Cuba
What is this cartoonist trying to say about the difficulties facing Kennedy during the Crisis?

19. What was the outcome of the crisis?
Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed (without nuclear missiles)
Both leaders didn’t lose face and came away with concessions
Helped renew the thaw – world saw the futility of MAD
Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up
Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable

20.  Your task
Sources
Read sources 21 & 22. What do you think of Kennedy’s interpretation of the Cuban situation and of Khrushchev’s actions?
Read sources 28, 29 and 30. How useful they are to students studying the results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Who do you think won the missile crisis? Kennedy, Khrushchev or neither? Explain your answer.

21.  Extension task
Write two press releases. Choose either to produce a short press release explaining the background, key events & outcome for the Soviet news agency ‘Pravda’ OR write an American version of events for the White House spokesman’s speech to journalists.

22. Congratulations Mr. President, Khrushchev is removing the missiles from Cuba. We made the right choices.