1. Visual Evoked Potentials
M.Etemadifar
Neurologist,IUMS

2. What is evoked potential?
Electrical potentials that occur in the cortex after stimulation of a sense organ which can be recorded by surface electrodes is known as Evoked Potential.
eg. SEP, ABR and VEP

5. Introduction:
The VEP tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex.
It assesses the integrity of the visual pathways from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex.

6. Cont..
The VEP is very useful in detecting an anterior visual conduction disturbance.
However, it is not specific with regard to etiology.
For example a tumor compressing the optic nerve, an ischemic disturbance, or a demyelinating disease may cause delay in the P100.

7. Cont…
VEPs are most useful in testing optic nerve function and less useful in postchiasmatic disorders.
In retrochiasmatic lesions, the MRI is a more useful test.

8. Comparison of VEP with MRI
The VEP explains the functionality of visual pathway.
VEP gives us information about the physiology of a anatomical pathway with much less spatial or localizing information
VEP is useful primarily in assessing optic nerve function in the anterior (prechiasmatic) portion.
It is lateralizing but not localizing to the lesion.
MRI
The MRI largely remains an imaging, structural, or anatomical test.
The MRI scan gives more accurate information about structural problems
MRI is a highly accurate localizing modality
Under given circumstances they may be complementary
to each other..

9. VEP generator site Visual Cortex (occipital lobe)
The generator site is believed to be the peristriate and striate occipital cortex .

10. Types of VEP Flash VEP Pattern VEP-
full field
hemi field
central field
partial field
Chromatic patterned stimuli-best method of separating red, green , and blue coloured channels. Helpful in detecting colour blindness.

11. How to do the test ? SKIN PREPARATION APPLY ELECTRODE USING JELLY
RECORDING – Oz
REFERENCE – Fpz
GROUND – Cz
ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE BELOW 5KΏ
AMPLIFICATION , FILTER , SWEEP SPEED, AVERAGING TO BE CHECKED

12. Procedure The room should be dark.
Test mono-ocularly with other eye covered.
Stimulus:
Checkerboard pattern (or less often, flash) is
used as stimulation two reversal/sec.
Stimulus rates of 1-2 Hz are recommended
The recommended recording time window (ie, sweep length) is 250 ms.
Seating distance:
cm from the monitor screen
Fix the gaze at a colored dot in the center of the screen.

13. Cont… Apply three scalp electrodes at; Oz : 2cms above the inion.
Cz : at vertex
Fz : on frontal bone.
Check the impedance of the electrodes.
In the menu enter patient’s info (name, age , sex,ID no. ref. Dr.
Start averaging process.
Continue averaging till 1000 stimulus repetition complete. It will stop automatically.

14. Cont… After the stimulus are over you will get NPN complex.
Identify the waves & apply the wave markers. the values will appear in the table.
Repeat the procedure & get another record.
Display both the recordings and superimpose them to show the reproducibility of the test results.
Repeat the procedure for other eye.

15. Stimulus factors & VEP PATTERN FIELD SIZE DISTANCE CONTRAST LUMINANCE
COLOURS
RATE OF REVERSAL

16. Patient factors & VEP AGE GENDER EYE DOMINANCE VISUAL ACUITY
PUPILLARY SIZE
ALERTNESS

17. Factors influencing VEP
The size of the checks
Pupillary size
Gender (women have slightly shorter P100 latencies ), and
Age: below 1 yr of age P100 may be 160ms, & above 60 yrs. also it get delayed.
Sedation and anesthesia abolish the VEP.
Visual acuity deterioration up to 20/200 does not alter the response significantly .
Drugs.(eg. carbamazepine and sodium valproate prolong P100 latency)

20. VEP -IFCN

21. REFERENCE
RECORDING
GROUND

24. VEP

25. Analysis Identify the waves (NPN complex)
Determine the absolute peak latencies.
Determine the amplitude of the waves.
Determine the interocular latency difference.

26. Interpretation
Negative components of NPN complex may be absent even in normal subject. The only persistent wave is P100.

27. Waveforms (The NPN complex)
The initial negative peak (N1 or N75)
ِA large positive peak (P1 or P100)
Negative peak (N2 or N145)
N75
P100
N145

28. Delayed P100 is due to,
1. Demyelination of optic nerve.
2. Axonal degeneration.
Low voltage of P100 is due to,
Problems of refrective medias of eye.
eg. Corneal opacity, cataract , vitreous hemorrhage.
Voltage should not be less than 5mv.

30. Full field PVEP- criteria for abnormality
Latency criteria
Prolongation > 3 sd
Interocular latency of p100>10 msec,
longer latency abnormal
Amplitude criteria
Interocular amplitude ratio>2
Abnomally low or high amplitude
Absence of identifiable VEP from midline and lateral occipital sites.

31. Maximum Value for P100
P100 is 110 milliseconds (ms) in patients younger than 60 years
(it rises to 120 ms thereafter in females and 125 ms in males. )
(Even though published norms are available in the medical literature, each individual laboratory should have its own norms to control for lab-to-lab variability in technique. )
Interocular P100 latency difference is upto 5 – 6 ms. > 10ms is gross abnprmality.

32. Flash VEP
Cortical response to flash – widespread , complex and variable
Absence is abnormal
Used in situations when PVEP not possible –ocular scarring, ocular haemorrhages
Done through closed eyes
Unaffected by refractive error
Useful in children and uncooperative patients

33. Chromatic patterned VEP
Best method to separate blue, red and green coloured channels
Can help in detecting color blindness

34. Hemifield VEP Indications Optic chiasmal or retro chiasmal lesion
Marked interhemispheric asymmetry of VEP on monocular stimulation

35. Bilateral abnormal full field PVEP
Bilateral lesions in optic nerve, optic chiasm, behind chiasm, retinal degeneration, butterfly gliomas of corpus callosum.

36. Monocular abnormal full field VEP
Conduction defect anterior to optic chiasm
Demyelination common
retinal disease , glaucoma , compression of optic nerve cannot be excluded.

37. Full field PVEP interpretation
VEP normal in unilateral lesions of optic chiasm with monocular stimulation because each eye projects to both occipital lobes.

38. Full field PVEP interpretation
If P100 abnormality occurs in stimulation of one eye the lesion is anterior to optic chiasm i.e optic nerve, retina or other intra ocular structures.

39. Differential diagnosis with abnormal (prolongP100 latency) VEP
Multiple sclerosis
Optic neuropathy
Optic neuritis
Toxic amblyopia eg. Tobacco smoking, alcohol.
Glaucoma
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Tumors compressing the optic nerve - Optic nerve gliomas, meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas, giant aneurysms, and pituitary tumors
Normal VEP virtually excludes an optic nerve or anterior chiasmatic lesion.

40. Clinical usefulness of VEPs
More sensitive than MRI or physical examination in prechiasmatic lesions
Objective and reproducible test for optic nerve function
Abnormality persists over long periods of time
Inexpensive as compared with to MRI
Under certain circumstances, may be helpful to positively establish optic nerve function in patients with subjective complaint of visual loss; normal VEP excludes significant optic nerve disorder

41. Clinical applications of PVEP
Detects subclinical lesions in MS
Detects subclinical involvement of optic pathways in neurofibroma,Antibiotics
Evaluation of visual loss in hysteria, malingering
Monitoring visual functions during operations around pituitary
Confirmation of lesion of optic nerve tumour

42. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Its a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, which predominantly affects young adults during their most productive years. Viral and autoimmune etiologies are postulated. Genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to MS, but a specific cause for this disease is not identified.

43. Pathologically, MS is characterized by the presence of areas of demyelination and T-cell predominant perivascular inflammation in the brain white matter. Some axons may be spared from these pathological processes
Differential diagnosis for MS includes other demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, often of a viral or postinfectious origin

45. PVEP in demyelination
Prolonged latency of P100 or absence of VEP during acute attack
Abnormal PVEP in 90% patients with optic neuritis
P100 prolongation persists many years – unilateral marked increase in latency with normal wave form and amplitude.

46. VEP IN MS

47. PVEP in disorders of optic nerve
Ischemic optic neuritis
Invariably abnormal
Amplitude affected or absent VEP
Mild latency increase
Toxins/ drugs
PVEP absent / delayed
Can revert following treatment
Used to monitor drug toxicity

48. PVEP in disorders of optic nerve
Compression of anterior visual pathway –decreased amplitude, distorted wave, mild latency prolongation
Leber’s atrophy, spino cerebellar degenerations –increased latency

49. PVEP in retinopathies
Increased latency with preservation of waveform similar to demyelination
Hence opthalmological examination mandatory in symptomatic visual loss.

50. PVEP in glaucoma PVEP abnormal in 50% of patients with field defects
Increased latency with decreased amplitude of P100

51. PVEP in hysteria and malingering
Normal wave and latency makes severe visual loss unlikely
Normal PVEPs occasionally reported in cortical blindness when part of striate cortex is preserved.