1. Chapter 11, Section 3 The War at Home
Objectives:
1.Explain how business and government cooperated during the war.
2.Show how the government promoted the war.
3.Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred.
4.Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women.

2. How did the power of the government expand?
Convert economy…
Business and government collaborated
Congress gave Wilson direct control over much of the economy
Fix prices
Regulate war related industries

3. Over Here Organizing the Economy War industries Board (WIB)
Bernard M. Baruch (Wall Street speculator)
Conversion of industrial plants to wartime needs
Manufacture of war materials
Purchase of supplies for the US and the Allies

4. What was the function of the War Industries Board?
Increase production….
Reduce waste….
Set production quotas….
Allocate raw materials…..
Bernard Baruch

5. What was the function of the Fuel Administration?
Monitored coal supplies
Rationed gasoline and heating oil
Gasless Sundays
Lightless nights
Daylight savings time

6. The Business of War Corporate profits nearly triple
Larger businesses do even better
Du Pont quadrupled profits
Farm production increases 20-30%
Economic legacy of corporate and government cooperation
Entire industries and economic sectors are organized, regulated, and subsidized

7. Labor and the War
Labor shortage causes government to recognize labor unions
Higher wages and a better standard of living resulted
Unions become a junior partner in mobilizing the economy
President of the AFL Samuel Gompers
Skilled white males
Building trades, railroads, and miners

8. Samuel Gompers and “business unionism”
President of the AFL
Skilled, white males
Collective bargaining…
Concrete gains – bread and butter issues
Served on the National War Labor Board

9. How did the National War Labor Board prevent labor discord?
Wm. Howard Taft and Frank Walsh
1917 – wages had not kept up with inflation – thousands of strikes
Worked to prevent work interruption
Interventions..
Higher wages
Shorter hours
Overtime
8 hr day

10. Labor and the War Gompers and the AFL’s patriotic support of the war
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
Arbitrated labor disputes to avoid work stoppages
Right of workers to unionize
Resulted in improved wages and the 8-hour work day

11. Labor and the War Union membership rises
NWLB establishes the practice of government intervening on behalf of labor
Labor shortages in the SW ease immigration restrictions on Mexican workers
Early example of the growing importance of cheap Mexican labor to the region’s economy

12. What was the function of the Food Administration?
Encourage greater food production
Reduce consumption
Voluntary
Meatless days
Wheatless days
Porkless days
Sweetless days
Herbert Hoover

13. How did the government finance the war?
US spent $33 billion
1/3 taxes
Progressive income tax
War profits tax
Excise tax
Liberty Bonds – $23 billion
Reserve banks expanded $ supply
Debt $1 billion  $20 billion

14. Over Here Food Administration (FA) Herbert Hoover
Imposed price controls
Raised prices on grain to increase production
No rationing of food
Persuasion
High prices
Voluntary controls
“Hooverizing” – food conservation
“meatless Tuesdays”
“Food will win the war”

15. “Hooverizing”

18. How were the hearts and minds of the American people mobilized?
Committee on Public Information
George Creel
Goal: promote the war
100 million pieces of literature explaining the causes and meaning of the war
Posters, slides, newspaper advertising, films
75,000 “Four Minute Men”

19. Selling the War Creel’s 3 themes: Consequences:
America is morally unified
Crusade for peace & freedom
Hatred of all things German
Consequences:
Abandonment of Old World ties and become “unhyphenated Americans”
Attacks on German Americans, radicals, and peace activists

24. Financing the War Cost $33 billion Three ways: Liberty Bonds
Income taxes
replace excise and customs levies
Increase the number of Americans paying income tax
Liberty Bonds
Raises $23 billion
Federal Reserve
Expanded money supply with easy borrowing
National debt grows from $1 billion to $20 billion

25. Support for Liberty Bonds
Sec. of the Treasury William McAdoo
Liberty Bond Booths were set up by the Boy/Girl Scouts

26. WW I Liberty Bond

27. Liberty Bonds There were four issues of Liberty Bonds:
Apr 24, 1917 Emergency Loan Act authorizes issue of $5 billion in bonds at 3.5 percent.
Oct 1, 1917 Second Liberty Loan offers $3 billion in bonds at 4 percent.
Apr 5, 1918 Third Liberty Loan offers $3 billion in bonds at 4.5 percent.
Sep 28, 1918 Fourth Liberty Loan offers $6 billion in bonds at 4.25 percent.
Interest on up to $30,000 in the bonds was tax exempt.

28. Four Minute Men
Douglas Fairbanks, movie star, speaking to a large crowd in front of the Sub-Treasury building, New York City, to aid the third Liberty Loan, in April 1918

29. What is a consequence of propaganda?
Anti-German hysteria
German music and literature banned
German language not taught
Harassment of German Americans
Name changes: Sauerkraut – liberty cabbage, German measles – liberty measles, Dachshund – liberty puppy, hamburger – liberty sandwich, frankfurter – hot dog

30. Labor Strife 1919 more than 4 million workers conduct 3,600 strikes
Causes:
Modest wage increases wiped away by inflation and high prices for food, fuel, and housing
End of government control on industry, allowed many employers to withdraw their recognition of unions
Continuation of 12-hour day
Demobilized servicemen

31. Labor Strife
Seattle shipyard strike ends with federal troops occupying the city.
Boston police strike ends when Gov. Calvin Coolidge calls in the Nat’l Guard and fires the entire force.
Midwestern steelworker strike fails when Elbert Gary uses black strikebreakers, armed guards, and propaganda.

32. Eugene Debs Gave speech defending anti-war protesters
Sentenced to 10 years
Ran for Pres. From jail
Served 32 months
Pardoned by Harding in 1921

33. Labor and the War Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies
Organized unskilled labor
Denounced capitalism
Opposed entry into the war
Espionage Act crackdown on radical labor movement marks the beginning of political repression

34. Industrial Workers of the World
Radical union
Organized unskilled labor – all inclusive
Denounced capitalism
Opposed US entry into war as a “capitalist war”
Became a target of business and gov’t
Espionage Act
300 arrested
Files confiscated
End of radical labor movement
Beginning of repression

35. How did the Espionage Act control dissent?
Key tool for suppression of anti-war sentiment
Outlawed: aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment, causing insubordination in the armed forces
Penalties…
Exclude treasonous material from the mails
Bureau of Investigation….

36. The Espionage Act Espionage Act of 1917 attacks antiwar sentiments
20 yrs in prison & $10,000 fine
Aid to the enemy, obstruction of recruitment, or causing insubordination
Postal service stops treasonous newspapers & magazines
Enforcement leads to the creation of the FBI

37. The Sedition Act Amendment to Espionage Act added in 1918 outlaws:
“any disloyal, profane (contempt), scurrilous (vulgar), or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely (rudeness), or disrepute” to the government, Constitution, or flag.
21,000 cases combined aimed at socialists, radical labor, & pacifists
Eugene Debs 10yrs (serves 32 mo.)

38. How did the Sedition Act control dissent?
Outlawed any “disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely, or disrepute” to the government, Constitution, or flag
More than 2,000 cases
Controlled socialists, pacifists, radical labor

39. Suppression of Dissent
Schenck v. United States
Justice Holmes, restriction of speech is Constitutional when it “creates a clear and present danger.”
Debs v. United States
Affirmed guilt
Abrams v. United States
Convicts 4 Russian immigrants denouncing US intervention in the Russian Revolution

40. Were these acts constitutional?
Schenck v. U.S. 1919
Congress could restrict free speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such nature as to create a clear and present danger. “ Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
Upheld Schenck’s conviction for obstructing the draft

42. How did the Great Migration increase racial tensions?
300,000 to 500,000 African Americans moved to northern cities
Labor shortages in the North
Better economic opportunity
Less racial violence

44. Economic Opportunity
Between some 300,000 to 500,000 leave rural South for the North
Labor shortages
Few receive high-paying skilled positions
Most are construction laborers, teamsters, janitors, or porters

45. Racial Violence Faithful support of the war beforehand
Chicago 1919
Lake Michigan beach
Lasted 2 weeks
23 African Americans were killed
15 whites died
+500 injured
Faithful support of the war beforehand
Disillusionment and a new militant spirit grows quickly
NAACP leads fight against bigotry and injustice

46. Racial Violence Lynching in the South Not limited to the South
Two of the worst race riots in US history occur in the North:
East St. Louis, Illinois 1917
Unions refuse to accept blacks
Owners using black labor against Union demands
200 African Americans killed

47. Black disillusionment
Heightened sense of race consciousness and activism
NAACP – national conference on lynching – sought federal legislation against

48. Race Riots East St. Louis – 1917 Chicago – 1919 Whites attacked blacks
200 blacks killed
Black labor had been recruited to keep union demands down
Chicago – 1919
White gangs hunted African Americans
2 weeks
23 African Americans killed – 15 whites

49. Women at Work Opportunity for higher-paying industrial jobs
Women in Industry Service (WIS) is created
Est. general standards for treatment
Improving working conditions
Pay continues to suffer and is ½ of men’s in the same industries
Lose industry jobs after the war
1920, working more white-collar occupations than manufacturing or domestic service

50. What new opportunities did the war offer women?
Women moved into jobs previously held by men…
Continued traditional jobs ….
Red cross volunteers
Bolstered support for women’s suffrage amendment
19th Amendment

52. Reality of women’s work?
Accepted goals – not enforced
Received roughly ½ the pay as men for the same work
Lost jobs at the end of the war
Accelerated women’s work in traditional fields
Led Congress to est. Woman’s Bureau in the Dept. of Labor

53. How did the war affect women?
Women in Industry Service – Mary Van Kleeck
Formulated standard for treatment of females
8 hr. day
Equal pay for equal work
Rest periods and meal breaks
Restrooms
No night work
Minimum wage

54. Woman Suffrage New wage workers Highly visible volunteer work
Selling bonds
Saving food, organizing benefits
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Carrie Chapman Catt
Patriotic support of the war

55. Woman Suffrage National Woman’s Party Catt urges “war measure”
More radical and militant than NAWSA
Alice Paul
Catt urges “war measure”
Passage of the 19th Amendment

56. Women’s Suffrage… Battle for the vote prior to WWI…
National American Women’s Suffrage Association – Carrie Chapman Catt…
Alice Paul – National Women’s Party…
“The fight for democracy must begin at home.”
1917 Wilson – suffrage amendment “vital to the winning of the war.”

57. Prohibition… Moral reform… Reaction to the war…
18th Amendment – illegal to buy, sell, manufacture, or transport alcoholic beverages – Jan. 1919

58. Prohibition Drinking seen as a source of working class problems
Family violence
Unemployment
Poverty
Anti-German feelings
Conserve grain
18th Amendment = worthy moral reform
Stimulates growth of organized crime

59. Influenza Worldwide pandemic killing 20 million
Sept 1918 sweeps military bases and eastern cities
350,000 Americans die in 10 months
Congress appropriates $ to suppress the spread
Aid from Red Cross and local volunteers