1. chemistry

2. 23.3
Carbonyl Compounds
Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that are associated with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes.

3. 23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?

4. A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O.
23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O.
The C═O functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.

5. 23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.
These low molar-mass carbonyl group compounds are completely soluble in water. a) Methanal is commonly known as formaldehyde. b) Ethanal is commonly known as acetaldehyde.. Interpreting Diagrams Use the structures to explain why these compounds are soluble in water.

6. 23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.
These low molar-mass carbonyl group compounds are completely soluble in water. c) Propanone is commonly known as acetone. Interpreting Diagrams Use the structures to explain why these compounds are soluble in water.

7. 23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones

8. 23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones

9. Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

10. Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors.
Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents.
Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond.
Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of cinnamon.

11. Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.
23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.
Vanilla beans, the seed pods of the vanilla orchid, are the natural source of this vanilla flavoring for ice cream and other foods.

12. A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.
23.3
Aldehydes and Ketones
A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.
Many types of nail polish remover contain acetone, a common ketone.

13. Carboxylic Acids What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
23.3
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

14. A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.
23.3
Carboxylic Acids
A carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.
A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.

15. The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
23.3
Carboxylic Acids
The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
Carboxylic acids are weak because they ionize slightly in solution to give a carboxylate ion and a hydrogen ion.
Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Predicting What would you expect the pH range of aqueous solutions containing carboxylic acids to be?

16. 23.3
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods— spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste.
Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Predicting What would you expect the pH range of aqueous solutions containing carboxylic acids to be?

17. 23.3
Carboxylic Acids
Low-molar-mass carboxylic acids are volatile liquids with sharp, unpleasant odors.
The higher-mass carboxylic acids are nonvolatile, waxy, odorless solids with low melting points.

18. 23.3
Carboxylic Acids
Many continuous-chain carboxylic acids were first isolated from fats and are called fatty acids.
Stearic acid, an 18-carbon acid obtained from beef fat, is used to make inexpensive wax candles.

19. 23.3
Carboxylic Acids

20. 23.3
Esters
Esters
What is the general structure of an ester?

21. 23.3
Esters
Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.

22. 23.3
Esters
Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the —OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an —OR from an alcohol.

23. Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
23.3
Esters
Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

24. 23.3
Esters

25. 23.3
Esters

26. Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester.
23.3
Esters
Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester.
Ethyl ethanoate, shown with its structural formula and space-filling model, is a low-molar-mass ester.

27. 23.3
Esters
Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.
Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.

28. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction?

29. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The loss of hydrogen is a dehydrogenation reaction.
Dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule.

30. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

31. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

32. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

33. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Energy produced by oxidation reactions is used in both living and nonliving systems.
Oxidation reactions occur in many daily activities. a) These basketball players are energized by oxidation reactions taking place within the cells of their bodies. b) Much of the world relies on hydrocarbon combustion as a source of energy for vehicles.

34. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

35. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

36. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

37. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
23.3
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
An aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated. The blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube).
When an aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated, the blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube). Inferring What is the oxidation state of copper in the product?

38. 23.3 Section Quiz.
23.3.

39. 23.3 Section Quiz
1. Which compound is a ketone?
CH3COOH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CHO
CH3COCH3

40. 23.3 Section Quiz.
2. The IUPAC name for the structure CH3CH2COOH is
ethanoic acid.
acetic acid.
propanoic acid.
propionic acid.

41. 23.3 Section Quiz.
3. The product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called
a ketone.
an ether.
an ester.
an aldehyde.

42. 23.3 Section Quiz.
4. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Dehydrogenation is __________ reaction because losing a molecule of hydrogen involves the _______________ electrons from the organic molecule.
an oxidation, loss of two
an oxidation, loss of four
a reduction, gain of two
a reduction, gain of four

43. END OF SHOW