1. Hydrogen Workshop for Fleet Operators

2. Module 1, “Hydrogen Basics”

3. Hydrogen Basics Outline
Why Hydrogen?
Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program
President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Hydrogen Efforts in the United States
Hydrogen Highway
International Hydrogen Efforts
Hydrogen Basics
Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Hydrogen Fuel Safety
Bright white blobs show stars formed 5-10 million years ago, reddish pink clouds indicate hydrogen clouds where stars are currently forming (NASA)

4. Why Hydrogen? ENERGY SECURITY ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

5. Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security

6. Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security
Petroleum demand
Gasoline and diesel fuel are currently above $3.00 per gallon
Nation’s previous high weighted average for all 3 grades was $1.38 a gallon in March 1981 ($3.03 in today’s dollars)
Spikes have occurred despite declines in the cost of crude oil
Hurricane Katrina decimated refineries along the Gulf Coast cutting 11% of the refining capacity for all petroleum products

7. Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security
Petroleum demand
US consumes approximately 20 million barrels per day (bpd)
Over 97% of US transportation fuel comes from oil
Almost 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil is used for transportation
Oil consumption in 2004 was up 3.4% or 2.5 million bpd
US imports 55% of the oil it consumes; that is expected to grow to 68% by 2025
Energy Information Administration, “Annual Energy Outlook 2004”
“BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

8. Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security
Energy demand
World’s overall energy consumption grew by 4.3% in 2004
Largest-ever annual increase in global energy consumption and is the highest percentage growth since 1984
Chinese energy demand has risen by 65% over the past 3 years
China now consumes 13.6% of the world’s total energy
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

9. Why Hydrogen? – Environmental Stewardship
Environmental protection
Hydrogen can be used in vehicles powered by either internal combustion engines (ICEs) or fuel cells
Near-zero (ICEs) or zero (fuel cells) emissions
When produced from renewable sources, the entire chain of processes (fuel production through end-use in a vehicle) results in extremely low environmental impacts
This is what hydrogen will eliminate

10. Why Hydrogen? Resource flexibility
Hydrogen can be generated from a variety of feedstocks like fossil fuels (oil, coal) and renewable sources (biomass, sunlight).
Because hydrogen exists in many different forms, in any one region, there are a variety of local feedstocks from which the hydrogen can be extracted

11. Fuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889
Hydrogen Experience
Hydrogen was first produced in the 1400s when early European experimenters dissolved metal in acids
Sir William Robert Grove used electricity to split hydrogen and oxygen in 1839
Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer coin the term “fuel cell” in 1889
First fuel cell powered vehicle in the world is demonstrated in 1959
Used since the early 1960s to power NASA’s space vehicles
Fuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889

12. President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
$1.2 billion Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to reverse US’s growing dependence on foreign oil
Lower the cost of hydrogen enough to make it cost competitive with gasoline by 2010
FY 2004 appropriation: $156 million
FY 2005 appropriation: $225 million
FY 2006 request: $260 million
Advance the methods of producing hydrogen
Provide R&D for hydrogen storage
US Department of Energy, “Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program: President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative”, May 2005

13. DOE’s Hydrogen Program
, $22 per hp
Chalk, Steven, “DOE Hydrogen Program Overview”

14. DOE’s Hydrogen Program
Chalk, Steven, “DOE Hydrogen Program Overview”

15. DOE’s Hydrogen Program
Energy Policy Act of 2005
7 Federally sponsored and funded programs for hydrogen-related activities (vehicles, fuel cells, storage, production, infrastructure)
$509 million for FY 2006
$567 million for FY 2007
$663 million for FY 2008
$745 million for FY 2009
$899 million for FY 2010
President George Bush Signs the Energy Policy Act of 2005

16. California Hydrogen Highway

17. California Hydrogen Highway
Governor’s Vision
Every Californian has access to hydrogen along the State’s major highways by 2010
Early network of 150 to 200 fueling stations (1 station every 20 miles)
Initial low-volume fueling network will cost $75 to $200 million
Station concentrations in LA, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger

18. Illinois Hydrogen Highway
Network of demonstration projects to promote hydrogen-based technologies
First conceived as part of the Illinois 2H2 report
Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in Rockford
Combines solar, wind and hydrogen technologies for airport support vehicles
Heat and power for the airport building
Terminal at Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in Rockford, IL

19. Northern H Project Hydrogen Highway
Establish a multi-fuel hydrogen network in the upper Midwest
Produce and provide hydrogen made from wind, biomass, solar, hydro and coal resources
Place 9 or 10 stations 125 miles apart
Stations would link urban centers along Manitoba, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin and link up with the Illinois Hydrogen Highway
Project still not funded
Northern H Project Hydrogen Highway

20. New York Hydrogen Highway

21. International Hydrogen Efforts
Europe
2 billion Euro hydrogen vision designed to bring hydrogen technologies closer to large scale commercial viability
Hydrogen supply based on renewable sources by 2050
70 on-going R&D projects
Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE)
27 hydrogen powered buses serving 9 cities
Development of hydrogen infrastructure
CUTE Transit Bus

22. European Hydrogen Production
Area covered by 100 km distribution around production site
800 km
Shell Hydrogen

23. International Hydrogen Efforts
Iceland
World’s first public commercial hydrogen fueling station in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik
Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS)
Operate a small fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses that run on hydrogen produced by water
Hydrogen Fueling Station in Reykjavik, Iceland
Bramford, David, “Iceland Landmark Gas Station”, BBC News, April 2003

24. International Hydrogen Efforts
Japan
Research fuel cell technologies since the 1980s
Created the Clean Energy Network Using Hydrogen Conversion in 1992
Goal to facilitate the commercialization of fuel cells
10 year program on hydrogen R&D
Replaced by the New Hydrogen Project
Liquid Hydrogen Storage & Hydrogen Supply Facility Ariake, Japan

25. Japanese Hydrogen Production
Area covered by 100 km distribution around production site
Shell Hydrogen

26. International Hydrogen Efforts
Canadian Hydrogen Highway
Coincide with the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Whistler, BC
Create small number of hydrogen stations by 2008
Focal point between Vancouver International Airport, the City of Vancouver, and Whistler with branches connecting Victoria, North Vancouver, University of British Columbia and Surrey
Plan to link to similar projects in Alberta and California

27. International Hydrogen Efforts
International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Hydrogen Program
Established in 1977 with 15 member countries
Global resource for technical expertise in hydrogen
Vision
Hydrogen future based on a clean sustainable energy supply
Mission
Accelerate hydrogen implementation and widespread utilization
Strategy
Facilitate, coordinate, and maintain innovative RD&D through international cooperation and information exchange

28. International Hydrogen Efforts
International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE)
Purpose
Provides a mechanism for partners to organize, coordinate and implement effective, efficient, and focused international research, development, demonstration and commercial utilization activities related to hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
provides a forum for advancing policies, and common technical codes and standards that can accelerate the cost-effective transition to a hydrogen economy
Educates and informs stakeholders and the general public on the benefits of, and challenges to, establishing the hydrogen economy
International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

29. Hydrogen Basics
Simplest, lightest, and most plentiful element (#1 on Periodic Table)

30. Hydrogen Basics Diffuses Rapidly
Rises 2 times faster than helium and 6 times faster than natural gas (hydrogen will escape up and away from the user)
Dilutes quickly into a non-flammable concentration
At room temperature, hydrogen is a very light gas
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonpoisonous gas
Will not contribute to groundwater pollution
Second lowest boiling and melting points of all substances, second to helium
Liquid below its boiling point of 20K (-423F, -253C)
Solid below its melting point of 14K (-434F, -259C)
Nuclei
Hydrogen Molecule
0K (“absolute zero”) is the lowest temperature in the universe at which molecular motion stops. Temperatures below -100F are known as cryogenic temperatures and liquids below this temperature are cryogenic liquids

31. Hydrogen Basics Detectability Toxicity Asphyxiation
Odorless, tasteless, and colorless
Sensors can be used to detect hydrogen in enclosed areas
No known odorants, such as mercaptans and thiophanes (as used in natural gas), can be used with hydrogen since the sulfur contaminate fuel cells
Toxicity
Non-toxic and nonpoisonous; does not create “fumes”
Asphyxiation
Hydrogen is of no more concern than other gases
In open areas, hydrogen disperses rapidly
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

32. Hydrogen Leakage PROPERTY HYDROGEN METHANE PROPANE GASOLINE
Molecular Weight
2.02
16.04
44.06
~107
Density of Gas (lb/ft3)
5.2*10-3
0.04
0.12
0.27
Viscosity of Gas at NTP (g/cm-s)
8.9*10-5
11.17*10-5
8*10-5
5.2*10-5
Diffusion Coefficient in still air at NTP (cm2/s)
0.51
0.16
0.12
0.05
Buoyancy (density relative to air)
0.07
0.55
1.52
Natural Resources Canada, “Transforming the Future: Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in Canadian Urban Transit Systems”, February 2005

33. Hydrogen Dissipation Relative Dissipation Hazard of Hydrogen
Diffusion Coefficient in Air
Vapor Density at NTP (lb/ft3)
Buoyancy in Air at NTP
Vapor Density at NBP (lb/ft3)
Buoyancy in Air at NBP
Rank in Confined/ Unconfined Areas
Fuel
Hydrogen
0.61
0.0052
Positive
Negative
Level 5/1
Natural Gas
0.16
0.04
Positive
Negative
Level 4/1
Propane
0.12
0.12
Negative
Unknown
Negative
Level 2/3
Gasoline
0.05
0.27
Negative
Negative
Level 1/4
Diesel
<0.10
0.44
Negative
Unknown
Negative
Level 1/5
Air
0.07
Negative
Level 1 – low, Level 2 – minor, Level 3 – moderate, Level 4 – high, Level 5 – severe
Natural Resources Canada, “Transforming the Future: Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in Canadian Urban Transit Systems”, February 2005

34. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Energy Content of Comparative Fuels
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

35. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Energy Density of Comparative Fuels
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

36. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Flashpoint of Comparative Fuels
Explosions
An oxidizer, like oxygen must be present
Little chance to explode in air due to its buoyancy
Cannot occur in a tank or contained location that only contains hydrogen
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

37. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Wide Range of Flammability
Hydrogen can be combusted in a wide range of AFRs (34:1 to 180:1)
Stoichiometry – 14.7:1 for gasoline, 34:1 for hydrogen
Can run on a lean mixture (better fuel economy and more complete combustion)
Lean mixture can reduce power output of the engine
Lower combustion temperatures result in lower NOx levels
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

38. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Handling
Can be handled as safely as any other fuel
Different combustion properties than gasoline or diesel
Octane Numbers of Comparative Fuels
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

39. Hydrogen Combustion Properties
Low Radiant Heat
Significantly less radiant heat than a hydrocarbon fire
Due to low levels of heat near the flame, risk of secondary fire is lower
Hydrogen Flames
Hydrocarbon Flames

40. Module 1, “Hydrogen Basics”