1. GANG STRENGTH CALCULATION USING RATIONAL FORMULA
Presented By
K.A.J.BABU , ADEN/E/KGP,S.E.RLY
C.NAGARAJU, AXEN/C/KRMR,S.C.RLY
Under the Guidance of
Sri. PRAVEEN KUMAR,P/C,IRICEN/PUNE

2. Gang strength Gang strength calculation by Maflin”s formula
Modified Maflin’s formula
Special Committee formula
Rational formulae

3. MAFLIN’S FORMULA Adopted in 1931 No of gangmen required = Unit-per-
mile*2.5
Unit- per – mile depending on the traffic
carried
Man power factor is constant irrespective
of track gauge

4. Revised Maflin’s formula
Evolved by Lobo committee in 1959
Implemented in 1962
Gang strength was based on “Equated
Track Mile”
ETM depends on the traffic density, type
of formation, curved alignment and
annual rainfall

5. Special committee formula
Adopted in 1979
N = 0.95 * M * K * E
N is the no of gang men
M is man power factor ( 1.47 for B.G and 1.21 for M.G and N.G)
K is the correction factor due to modernisation of track,methods of maintenance
E is Equated Track Kilometre ( ETKM)

6. Special committee formula
Correction factor
Type of track
Mmethod of maitenance
Convent ,DTM,MSP
Mechanised
Fish plated
1.00
0.80
SWR
0.95
0.75
LWR on ws/ms
0.85
0.60
LWR on psc -
0.50

7. WHY SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMULA NEEDS REPLACEMENT
Gang is to carry out 12 activities and other 16 activities are by engaging casual labourer
No uniformity of overall manpower per ETKM over the railways
Maintance cost per ETKM is varying among Zonal Railways
Decasualisation effect
Aspect of engagement of safaiwalas for filth removal

8. --Contd
Aspect of carrying out monsoon patrolling, watching vulnerable locations and security patrolling by out side agencies
Ageing of gang men
Absenteeism among gang men, as much as 60%
To identify the works to be executed through contract to limit the manpower
Educational profile of the gangmen remains deficient while mechanisation is increasingly adopted

9. Modifying Special Committee formula
Railway Board in 1996 constituted a committee
Terms of reference
To study the special committee formula and suggest modified formula
To take into account decasualisation done effect of maintenance and track modernisation while modifying the gang strenth formula

10. Categorisation of tracks
Non Sub urban sections
Machine Packed
Manually Packed
Sub urban section,Machine packed High density

11. H D suburb section Criteria for High Density Sub urban Section
The train frequency per hour, on any line or in a sub section should exceed 8
The required maintenance works can be completed only by way of availing night blocks
PHOD is the competent authority to classify a suburban section as ‘HDSL’

12. H D suburb sections Special features of H D suburb section
High frequency of trains
Encroachments
Corridor night blocks and integrated mega blocks
Large number of turn outs
Lack of drainage
Extensive track circuits

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
PRIMARY MAINTENCE ACTIVITIES
Directly related to P Way maintenance
Need manpower based on the continuous length of the track
AUXILLIARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
For upkeep of P Way as a whole
Need manpower based on the localised problems,special features and geographical nature of P way section

14. Classification -- contd
PRIMARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
Activity T – Affected by traffic density
Activity R – Routine in nature
AUXILLARY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
Activity M – Miscellaneous
Activity S – Site specific

15. Activity T ( For machine packed track)
T1 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T2 For Tie Tamper working
Pre-tamping operation
Along with tamper
Post tamping operations
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Repair Welding

16. Activity T ( For manually packed track)
T1 Through packing
T2 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Creep pulling

17. Activity T ( For machine packed track HD suburban)
T1 Slack attention to
Bad spots
Low joints
SEJ
Minor curve realignment
T2 For Tie Tamper working
Pre-tamping operation
Along with tamper
Post tamping operations
T3 Casual renewals
Rails
Sleepers
Fasteners
T4 Repair Welding

18. Activity R ( For machine packed track)
R1 Lubrication of ERCs
R2 Shallow screening (1/5 length)
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R4 Overhauling of level crossing
R5 Watching caution spot and miscellaneous
R6 Tree cutting for visibility
R7 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R8 Accident relief and carcass removal
R9 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R10 Pre monsoon attention such as clearing of
drains, waterways, deweeding etc
R11 Creep pulling (approach of bridges and turn outs)
R12 Rectifying damage to LC

19. Activity R ( For manually packed track)
R1 Lubrication of ERCs
R2 Shallow screening
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R4 Overhauling of level crossing
R5 Watching caution spot and miscellaneous
R6 Tree cutting for visibility
R7 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R8 Accident relief and carcass removal
R9 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R10 Pre monsoon attention
R11 Creep pulling
R12 Rectifying damafe to LC

20. Activity R ( For machine packed HD suburban track)
R1 Through packing
R2 Shallow screening (1/5 length)
R3 Loading , leading & unloading
R Lubrication of ERCs
R5 Overhauling of level crossing
R6 Watching caution spot and look out men
R7 Tree cutting for visibility
R8 Lubrication of rails in Curves
R9 Accident relief and carcass removal in run over cases
R10 Bridge sleeper attention and renewal
R11 Pre monsoon attention
R Creep pulling
R13 Rectifying damage to LC
R Painting of weld collars
R 15 Emergency attention
R 16 Extra sssistance to key man & B/smith
R17 Extra work in Night blocks
R 18 Extra assistance for S&T Items

21. Activity M M1 Monsoon patrolling M2 Hot weather patrolling
M3 Cold weather patrolling
M4 Watching vulnerable locations
M5 Gate keeping at level crossings
M6 Rest giving for keyman
M7 Waterman duty
M8 Store watchman duty

22. Activity S S1 Tunnel maintenance S2 Bridge substructure maintenance
S3 Long girder maintenance
S4 Extra due to sharp curves, deep cutting etc
S5 Track on extremely bad formation
S6 Lookout man duty
S7 Fog signal man duty
S8 Filth removal from track
S9 Security patrolling
S10 Watching of water level in suburban section

23. Work to be done through contract
Formation treatment
Ballasting
Deep screening
Sub ballast and ballast layer
Heavy repair to track including lifting
TRR,TSR,TFR
Complete ROC
Complete renewal of P&C , SEJs , traps
Resurfacing of crossing and switch rails
Loading/unloading of P way material in bulk
Lorrying of P way materials in bulk
Security of material in depot which is closed and locked

24. Work to be done through contract
Painting of rails and weld collars
Painting of bridge girders
Heavy repair to formation, cutting,side drains &c/w drains
Providing and reparing road surface at LC
Heavy repair to bridges, protecion works,river training works and tunnels
Removal of major sand breaches
Restoration works following breaches, accidents
Clearing of vegetation in P/F and in the vicinity of tracks in coaching and goods yards, repairs to depots and work shops of Engg, Mech, Elec and S&T
Vegetation

25. Authority for certifying the correctness of factors in activities M & S
No of mandays for monsoon patrolling – CTE/CBE
Need for hot/ cold patrolling – CTE
No.of days for watching vulnerable locations-CTE/CBE
Need for store w/man duty – Sr DEN/C00RD
Existance of extremely bad formation – CTE
Track Stretches with poor visibility – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for fog signal duty – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for removal of filth – Sr DEN/Coord
Need for security patrol – Sr DEN/Coord
No of days for watching water level in suburb-SrDEN/Co

26. RATIONAL FORMULAE

27. Rational formulae How the manpower requirement arrived at?
Activties T & R
For Main line
Norms as per the actual manpower utilised on various sections on various zones and analyzing the same scientifically
Periodicity of shallow screening has been changed to 5 yr instead of 3 yr
Average spacing of the LC has been taken as 1.5 km
Quantum of work in shallow screening in PSC sleeper track is 4 sl / head

28. Contd
For RYL and NRYL
1 KM of NRYL is taken as equivalent to 2/3 km of RYL
Factors A,B and C are not considered
Considered as ‘R’ activity

30. Rational formulae

31. Rational formulae

32. Rational formulae

33. Rational formulae

34. Rational formulae

35. Rational formulae

36. Rational formulae

37. Rational formulae

38. Rational formulae

39. Rational formulae

40. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “M”
N: Total No. of beat-lengths
D: No.of days needing patrolling in a year in the nth beat length.
b: No.of beats in the nth beat length.
s: No. of shifts in the nth beat length
m: No.of men in each shift in the nth beat-length =2 in area infested with wild animals/ terrorists; otherwise m=1.
M.1 Monsoon Patrolling
1 to N

41. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “M”
M.2 Hot weather patrolling of LWR track
Lw X 30
M.3 Cold weather patrolling of LWR track
Lw X 12
Lw: Length of LWR track in km, on single line basis

42. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “M”
N: No. of vulnerable locations
s: No.of duty shifts at the nth location
d:No.of days of watching at the nth location in a year.
N: No. of Engg level crossings
s: No.of duty shifts at the nth level crossing
Ng: No. of Engg Gatekeeper posts sanctioned
(Excluding LR)
M.4 Watching vulnerable locations
1 to N
M.5 Gate keeping at level crossings

43. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “M”
K: No. of Keyman beats
N: No. of Gangs
N: No. of stores in addition to SSE HQ (Not more than 2)
M.6 Rest giving for keymen
K( )
M.7 Waterman duty
N * 294
M.8 Store- watchman duty
N * 3 * 365

44. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
N: No. of tunnels
l: length of the nth
tunnel, in metre
r: No.of tracks in the
nth tunnel.
N: No.of bridges
b: Lineal waterway of the nth bridge, in metre
r: No. of tracks on the nth bridge.
S.1 Tunnel Maintenance
1.2* 0.29*
1 to N
S.2 Bridge substructure maintenance
1.1* 0.29*

45. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
N: No. of bridges each having more than 150m lineal waterway
b: Lineal waterway of the nth bridge, in metre
r: No. of tracks on the
nth bridge
Lc: Total Length of such curve
S.3 Long Girder Maintenance
0.64*
1 to N
S.4 Sharp curves
> 3 D in BG
> 6 D in MG
Lc * 294

46. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
N: No.of locations where
track needs more than
4 attentions in a year
l: length of track in the nth
location, in metres
N: No. of gangs
v: length of track with poor
visibility in the nth gang length
g: length of the nth gang
S.5 Track maintenance in extremely bad formation
0.6 *
1 to N
S.6 look out man
294

47. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
S.7 Fog signalman
Mf / 3
S.8 Filth removal from track
f * 294
S.9 Security Patrolling
Ms / 3
Mf: Total Mandays actually utilised in past three years
f: No. of gangs having this kind of problem
Ms: Total Mandays actually utilised in past three years

48. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
S.10 Watching water level in suburban sections
1 to N
N: No.of locations where flooding of track occurs in rainy season, due to water entering from built-up area outside.
s:No.of shifts required at the nth location.
d:No. of days requiring watching at the nth location. Normally s = 2; d= 60 in Mumbai suburban sections.

49. MANDAYS REQUIREMENT FOR ACTIVITY “S”
S.10 Watching water level in suburban sections
1 to N
N: No.of locations where flooding of track occurs in rainy season, due to water entering from built-up area outside.
s:No.of shifts required at the nth location.
d:No. of days requiring watching at the nth location. Normally s = 2; d= 60 in Mumbai suburban sections.

50. EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF SPECIAL LAYOUTS
a) Same as per SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMULA
Turnout
0.1 Km
Diamond
Diamond crossing with single slip
0.15 Km
Diamond crossing with double slips
0.2 Km
Cross over
Three-throw
Scissors cross-over
0.5 Km
Trap
0.02 Km
Double trap
0.04 Km

51. MULTIPLYING FACTORS Factor As per Special Committee As per MCNTM A B C
0.1 and 0.2 for bad and very bad formations
Same B
=0.25 for > 1.5 D for BG
> 3 D for MG
> 5 D for NG
Linear from 0 to 0.25 for
1 to 2 D for BG,
2 to 4 D for MG
3 to 7 D for NG
thereafter constant at 0.25 C
=0 up to rainfall of 200 cm
=0.1 for rainfall of 200 cm
=Linear from 01 to 0.2 for rainfall 200 to 300cm
=0.2 for rainfall > 300 cm
=0 up to rainfall of 150 cm
= Linear from 0 to 0.2 for rainfall 150 to 300cm

52. SUMMARY TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY “T” MD/KM ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG (NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
168
MAC. PACKED BG (HD - SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
398
MAN. PACKED MG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
128
MAN. PACKED NG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91

53. SUMMARY TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY “T” MD/KM ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG (NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
168
MAC. PACKED BG (HD - SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
398
MAN. PACKED MG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
128
MAN. PACKED NG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91

54. SUMMARY TYPE MANDAYS/KM ACTIVITY “T” MD/KM ATY “R”
MAC. PACKED BG (NON- SUB URBAN)
(80+2.3*GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
159
MAN. PACKED BG
(NON SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
168
MAC. PACKED BG (HD - SUB URBAN)
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
398
MAN. PACKED MG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C)
128
MAN. PACKED NG
( *GMT)X(1+A+B+C) 91

55. SUMMARY
Staff strength arrived at by rational formulae does not include
LR of 12.5 %
Posts of Gateman, Mates, Keymen, Artisans, Artisan helpers, Trollyman, Storeman
USFD team
Machine Staff for maintenance or operation
Report recommended 2% training reserve, Board yet to take final view

56. MMU STAFF Work load catered by MMU (Machine Packed only)
Main Line Activity
T= * GMT
For GMT of 20, T=126
Bad spots 35 out of 35
Low joints 10 out of 16
SEJ 2 out of 4
Curves 6 out of 10
Casual renewal rail 2 out of 6
Casual sleeper rail 2 out of 6
Repair welding 6 out of 12
63 I.e 50%
GMT
Main Line activity R= 159
Loading Unloading 12 out of 20
OH of LC 13 out of 13
Bridge sleeper renewal 7 out of 10
Creep pulling 3 out of 5 35

57. MMU STAFF Work load catered by MMU (Machine Packed only)
Running Yard Line
R=177
Bad spots 14 out of 14
Low joints 5 out of 8
Curves 2 out of 6
Casual renewal rail 2 out of 3
Casual sleeper renewal 2 out of 3
Loading Unloading 10 out of 15 35
Gross Equivalent MMU Mandays i.e GEMM
= Lm( GMT) (1+A+B+C) Lm Ly
Exp. on MMU
80 % of Emoluments of GEMM= Annualized cost of SEMMU + Annual emoluments of MMU staff

58. CONCEPT OF EMKM
Committee has proposed Equated Manpower KM (EMKM) as performance unit in place of ETKM
EMKM is defined as numerical equivalent to 0.6 times the number of gang man required for activities T, R, M, S
EMKM has been defined based on a compensator p-way section requiring 1.66 men/KM

59. RATIONAL FORMULAE How these are different ?
Zero based approach has been adopted
Formulae have been evolved on rational basis
14 non – suburban sections and 3 HD suburban sections have been studied on 7 Zonal Railways ( NR,ER,WR,SR,CR,SER,SCR) through direct interaction with the field Engineers

60. Rational formulae What is new ?
Mandays per annum per km for each activity are computed instead of man power factor
Man power requirement for T & R activities is same irrespective of the type of sleepers and type of rails i.e., F.P,SWR,LWR
All the sub activities of maintenance of RYL and NRYL are categorised under activity R (Routine maintenance )
Flexible to encourage formation of Mobile Maintenance Units ( MMUs)
Concept of Equated Manpower Kilometre (EMKM) introduced
EMKM = 0.6 ( G/men per km as per Rational formulae )

61. Rational formula Conclusions
As the formulae are arrived at more rationally, there will be saving in the manpower and at the same time ensures equitable distribution of manpower in accordance with the work load.
The adoption of rational formulae ensures uniformity of manpower provision commensurate with work load.
Optimisation of manpower can be achieved
uniform degree of track maintenance and equitable allotment of funds.
The concept of EMKM enables to evaluate the manpower requirement for optimal utilization
The formulae are more flexible to allow for redistribution of strength of the various gangs as per the age profile of track.
The formulae allows for introduction of Mobile Maintenance Units

62. THANKS