1. Do not make copies of this material or print out on your computer.
Test Bank Unit 1
Do not make copies of this material or print out on your computer.

2. 1. Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as:
A. Curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history.
B. An antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the church.
C. An artistic style that portrayed the deprived state of human beings.
D. A philosophical movement that emphasized the movement of nature.
E. A religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience.

3. 1. Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as:
A. Curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history.
B. An antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the church.
C. An artistic style that portrayed the deprived state of human beings.
D. A philosophical movement that emphasized the movement of nature.
E. A religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience.

4. 4. Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following ?
A. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct
B. the conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women
C. education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women
D. the new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs
E. political rights should be extended to all men

5. 4. Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following ?
A. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct
B. the conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women
C. education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women
D. the new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs
E. political rights should be extended to all men

6. 6. The political strength of the Medici Family in Florence was initially based on:
A. close alliance with the papacy
B. The influence and wealth of their banks
C. the support of the lower classes
D. the support of a powerful citizen militia
E. their tenure in various municipal offices

7. 6. The political strength of the Medici Family in Florence was initially based on:
A. close alliance with the papacy
B. The influence and wealth of their banks
C. the support of the lower classes
D. the support of a powerful citizen militia
E. their tenure in various municipal offices

8. A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici
9. “You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you desire the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life…If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints.” The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following?
A. Henry VIII of England
B. Catherine de Medici
C. Erasmus of Rotterdam
D. Leonardo di Vinci
E. Niccolo Machiavelli

9. A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici
9. “You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you desire the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life…If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints.” The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following?
A. Henry VIII of England
B. Catherine de Medici
C. Erasmus of Rotterdam
D. Leonardo di Vinci
E. Niccolo Machiavelli

10. 10.Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth century Italy?
A. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility.
B.A strong unified Italian monarchy
C. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies
D. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development
E. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors who were competing for influence

11. 10.Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth century Italy?
A. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility.
B.A strong unified Italian monarchy
C. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies
D. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development
E. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors who were competing for influence

12. 12.Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?
Interest in science and technology.
Greater concern with religious piety.
Cultivation of a Latin style.
Use of national languages in literature.
Admiration for scholastic thought

13. 12.Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?
Interest in science and technology.
Greater concern with religious piety.
Cultivation of a Latin style.
Use of national languages in literature.
Admiration for scholastic thought

14. 18. Italian Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from:
A. religious asceticism
B. classical languages and literature
C. the curricula of medieval universities
D. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire
E. the ideas of Dante’s Inferno

15. 18. Italian Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from:
A. religious asceticism
B. classical languages and literature
C. the curricula of medieval universities
D. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire
E. the ideas of Dante’s Inferno

16. 23. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?
A. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion.
B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics.
C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanist viewed human nature as generally good.
D. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters.
E. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

17. 23. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?
A. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion.
B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics.
C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanist viewed human nature as generally good.
D. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters.
E. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

18. 24. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier (1528) was intended as:
A. a collection of entertaining travel stories
B. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula
C. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections
D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette
E. an allegory of courtly love

19. 24. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier (1528) was intended as:
A. a collection of entertaining travel stories
B. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula
C. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections
D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette
E. an allegory of courtly love

20. 27. Trade in the 1300s declined markedly as a result of:
A. numerous wet summers
B. the Black Death
C. the Hundred Years’ War
D. all of the above

21. 27. Trade in the 1300s declined markedly as a result of:
A. numerous wet summers
B. the Black Death
C. the Hundred Years’ War
D. all of the above

22. 28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the Renaissance?
A. during the Renaissance the economy of western Europe changed from one based on barter to one based on money
B. women gained significant prestige and individual rights
C. the uncovering of classical works both helped and hindered scientific development
D. leading artists such as Dueler, Michelangelo, and da Vinci brought the visual arts to a new height

23. 28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the Renaissance?
A. during the Renaissance the economy of western Europe changed from one based on barter to one based on money
B. women gained significant prestige and individual rights
C. the uncovering of classical works both helped and hindered scientific development
D. leading artists such as Dueler, Michelangelo, and da Vinci brought the visual arts to a new height

24. 29. But 1500 the leading patrons of intellectual and artistic pursuits were:
A. clergymen
B. the feudal nobility
C. monarchs
D. the wealthy bourgeois (merchants)

25. 29. But 1500 the leading patrons of intellectual and artistic pursuits were:
A. clergymen
B. the feudal nobility
C. monarchs
D. the wealthy bourgeois (merchants)

26. 30. The most important invention of the Renaissance was the:
A. compass
B. astrolabe
C. printing press
D. chronometer

27. 30. The most important invention of the Renaissance was the:
A. compass
B. astrolabe
C. printing press
D. chronometer

28. 31. Through their studies the humanists came to hold in highest esteem the values of:
A. the medieval church
B. classical antiquity
C. the scientists
D. the Protestant Revolution

29. 31. Through their studies the humanists came to hold in highest esteem the values of:
A. the medieval church
B. classical antiquity
C. the scientists
D. the Protestant Revolution

30. 32. The first major writer to embody a number of the characteristics of the Renaissance was:
A. Petrarch
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Villehardouin
D. Giovanni Boccaccio

31. 32. The first major writer to embody a number of the characteristics of the Renaissance was:
A. Petrarch
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Villehardouin
D. Giovanni Boccaccio

32. 33. A group of Florentines, gathered in a country villa to escape the Black Death, tell earthy and entertaining tales in Boccaccio’s:
A. the Decameron
B. Colloquies
C. In Praise of Folly
D.The Canterbury Tales

33. 33. A group of Florentines, gathered in a country villa to escape the Black Death, tell earthy and entertaining tales in Boccaccio’s:
A. the Decameron
B. Colloquies
C. In Praise of Folly
D. The Canterbury Tales

34. 34. His fame rests upon his demonstration that the so-called Donation of Constantine was a forgery:
A. Pico della Mirandola
B. Lorenzo Valla
C. Erasmus
D. Cosimo de’Medici

35. 34. His fame rests upon his demonstration that the so-called Donation of Constantine was a forgery:
A. Pico della Mirandola
B. Lorenzo Valla
C. Erasmus
D. Cosimo de’Medici

36. 35. The “Prince of Humanists,” his works diminished the importance of the clergy and undermined the Catholic Church:
A. Francois Rabelais
B. Aldus Manutius
C. William Harvey
D. Desiderius Erasmus

37. 35. The “Prince of Humanists,” his works diminished the importance of the clergy and undermined the Catholic Church:
A. Francois Rabelais
B. Aldus Manutius
C. William Harvey
D. Desiderius Erasmus

38. 36. “In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What thou Will.” This passage described Gargantua and Pantagruel, who were the literary creations of:
A. Galen
B. Josquin des Pres
C. Caravaggio
D. Rabelais

39. 36. “In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What thou Will.” This passage described Gargantua and Pantagruel, who were the literary creations of:
A. Galen
B. Josquin des Pres
C. Caravaggio
D. Rabelais

40. 37. The Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages in all the following ways EXCEPT:
A. chivalry was held in high esteem by the people of the Renaissance
B. Scholasticism was despised and regarded as stupid by Renaissance scholars
C. the medieval concept of profit was ridiculed during the Renaissance
D. medieval collectivism gave way to rapid egotism during the Renaissance
E. the Renaissance bean to regard the universe as much more infinite than had the scientists of the Middle Ages

41. 37. The Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages in all the following ways EXCEPT:
A. chivalry was held in high esteem by the people of the Renaissance
B. Scholasticism was despised and regarded as stupid by Renaissance scholars
C. the medieval concept of profit was ridiculed during the Renaissance
D. medieval collectivism gave way to rapid egotism during the Renaissance
E. the Renaissance bean to regard the universe as much more infinite than had the scientists of the Middle Ages

42. 38. All of the following reasons as to why the Renaissance began in Italy are correct EXCEPT:
A. a stronger classical tradition than any other western area
B. Italian cities were the main beneficiaries of the revival of trade with the eastern Mediterranean
C. the essentially amoral attitude of the Italian people
D. it received the full impact of the Byzantine and Saracenic culture
E. it was the center of the Roman Catholic Church

43. 38. All of the following reasons as to why the Renaissance began in Italy are correct EXCEPT:
A. a stronger classical tradition than any other western area
B. Italian cities were the main beneficiaries of the revival of trade with the eastern Mediterranean
C. the essentially amoral attitude of the Italian people
D. it received the full impact of the Byzantine and Saracenic culture
E. it was the center of the Roman Catholic Church

44. 39. Which of these events most clearly signaled the end of Italy’s reign as the leading cultural center of the Renaissance?
A. the Pazzi Conspiracy and the fall of the Medici bank
B. the invention of moveable type and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
C. the sack of Rome by Emperor Charles V
D. the publication of Erasmus’ In Praise of Folly
E. the discovery of the New World by Columbus and others.

45. 39. Which of these events most clearly signaled the end of Italy’s reign as the leading cultural center of the Renaissance?
A. the Pazzi Conspiracy and the fall of the Medici bank
B. the invention of moveable type and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
C. the sack of Rome by Emperor Charles V
D. the publication of Erasmus’ In Praise of Folly
E. the discovery of the New World by Columbus and others

46. A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes
40. One characteristic that distinguished the Italian from the Northern Renaissance was that in the north, humanists:
A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes
B. supported the middle class rather than the nobility
C. condemned innovations in art
D. attacked religion directly
E. denied any link between painting and literature

47. 40. One characteristic that distinguished the Italian from the Northern Renaissance was that in the north, humanists:
A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes
B. supported the middle class rather than the nobility
C. condemned innovations in art
D. attacked religion directly
E. denied any link between painting and literature

48. 41. Which was NOT true of Italian city-states during the Renaissance?
A. the upper classes demonstrated a “worldly” outlook
B. their governments promoted the movement for Italian unification
C. their ruling elite shared a nostalgia for Roman antiquity
D. they undertook massive building programs to demonstrate their wealth and to provide employment for workers
E. only a small percentage of inhabitants enjoyed political rights.

49. 41. Which was NOT true of Italian city-states during the Renaissance?
A. the upper classes demonstrated a “worldly” outlook
B. their governments promoted the movement for Italian unification
C. their ruling elite shared a nostalgia for Roman antiquity
D. they undertook massive building programs to demonstrate their wealth and to provide employment for workers
E. only a small percentage of inhabitants enjoyed political rights.

50. 42. As an observer of sixteenth century Italian society, Machiavelli was most concerned with:
A. the artistic accomplishments of the several Italian city-states
B. the legacy of Renaissance culture
C. now power works
D. international relations and the growth of the “new monarchies”
E. improved trade among the city-states

51. 42. As an observer of sixteenth century Italian society, Machiavelli was most concerned with:
A. the artistic accomplishments of the several Italian city-states
B. the legacy of Renaissance culture
C. now power works
D. international relations and the growth of the “new monarchies”
E. improved trade among the city-states

52. 43. All of the following were dominant ideals of the Renaissance EXCEPT:
A. other world concerns (death and salvation)
B. secularism
C. individualism
D. optimism
E. humanism

53. 43. All of the following were dominant ideals of the Renaissance EXCEPT:
A. other world concerns (death and salvation)
B. secularism
C. individualism
D. optimism
E. humanism

54. 44. “Renaissance” means rebirth of the ideals and achievements of:
A. Egypt and the Nile Valley
B. Mesopotamia and the Crescent
C. Greece and Rome
D. the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire
E. India and China

55. 44. “Renaissance” means rebirth of the ideals and achievements of:
A. Egypt and the Nile Valley
B. Mesopotamia and the Crescent
C. Greece and Rome
D. the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire
E. India and China

56. 45. All of the following are contributions of the fifteenth-century humanists EXCEPT:
A. They helped to bring about standardization of spelling and grammar.
B. They promoted the study of history as useful for obtaining examples of God’s saving providence.
C.They began to elevate the position of man
D.They restored a mastery Greek in the west.
E. They stimulated the systematic investigation of other languages.

57. 45. All of the following are contributions of the fifteenth-century humanists EXECPT:
A. They helped to bring about standardization of spelling and grammar.
B. They promoted the study of history as useful for obtaining examples of God’s saving providence.
C.They began to elevate the position of man
D.They restored a mastery Greek in the west.
E. They stimulated the systematic investigation of other languages.

58. 56. Florentine economic vitality rested primarily on banking and
The wine industry
Overseas trade
The wool industry
Mining and agriculture

59. 56. Florentine economic vitality rested primarily on banking and
The wine industry
Overseas trade
The wool industry
Mining and agriculture

60. 57. The Italian urban nobility were united by all of the following EXCEPT:
kinship
antagonism with the rural nobility
economic interests
Social connections

61. 57. The Italian urban nobility were united by all of the following EXCEPT:
kinship
antagonism with the rural nobility
economic interests
Social connections

62. 58. All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula EXCEPT:
A. the Papal states
B. Florence
C. Paris
D. Venice

63. 58. All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula EXCEPT:
A. the Papal states
B. Florence
C. Paris
D. Venice

64. 59. Which of the following was true of the Italian popolo?
Established democracies in the Italian city-states
Desired government offices and equality of taxation
Were never able to influence Italian politics
Controlled the wool industry

65. 59. Which of the following was true of the Italian popolo?
Established democracies in the Italian city-states
Desired government offices and equality of taxation
Were never able to influence Italian politics
Controlled the wool industry

66. 60. By 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or:
Kings
Oligarchies
Elected assemblies
Ecclesiastical princes

67. 60. By 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or:
Kings
Oligarchies
Elected assemblies
Ecclesiastical princes

68. 61. Which of the following was true of Italian balance-of-power diplomacy?
Was designed to prevent a single Italian city-state from dominating the peninsula
Successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy
Was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy
Was critical to the economic success of Italy

69. 61. Which of the following was true of Italian balance-of-power diplomacy?
Was designed to prevent a single Italian city-state from dominating the peninsula
Successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy
Was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy
Was critical to the economic success of Italy

70. 62. The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was:
The product of the invaders’ overwhelming superiority
The result of the economic collapse of Italy
Inevitable
The result of the Italians’ failure to coordinate a common defense

71. 62. The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was:
The product of the invaders’ overwhelming superiority
The result of the economic collapse of Italy
Inevitable
The result of the Italians’ failure to coordinate a common defense

72. 64. The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components:
Christian humility
A concern for the improvement of society in general
A glorification of individual genius
The attempt to use are to educate the urban masses

73. 64. The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components:
Christian humility
A concern for the improvement of society in general
A glorification of individual genius
The attempt to use are to educate the urban masses

74. 65. Italian humanists stressed the
Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
Study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God
Absolute authority of classical texts
Role of the church on the reform of society

75. 65. Italian humanists stressed the
Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
Study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God
Absolute authority of classical texts
Role of the church on the reform of society

76. 66. The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the:
Decline of religious feeling
Political disunity of Italy
Rise of a wealthy, urban business elite
Creation of powerful, centralized monarchies

77. 66. The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the:
Decline of religious feeling
Political disunity of Italy
Rise of a wealthy, urban business elite
Creation of powerful, centralized monarchies

78. 67. Alberti’s autobiography, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” reveals all f the following EXCEPT:
Renaissance individuals’ quest for knowledge
The role of women in Renaissance society
The various skills expected of Renaissance individuals
The Renaissance belief in the individual

79. 67. Alberti’s autobiography, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” reveals all f the following EXCEPT:
Renaissance individuals’ quest for knowledge
The role of women in Renaissance society
The various skills expected of Renaissance individuals
The Renaissance belief in the individual

80. 68. The leaders of the Catholic church:
Ignored the Renaissance
Attempted to crush the secularism of the renaissance
Readily adopted the Renaissance spirit
Used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform

81. 68. The leaders of the Catholic church:
Ignored the Renaissance
Attempted to crush the secularism of the renaissance
Readily adopted the Renaissance spirit
Used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform

82. 69. Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art
Because it was good for business
In order to please God
To glorify themselves and their families
To control unemployment

83. 69. Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art
Because it was good for business
In order to please God
To glorify themselves and their families
To control unemployment

84. 70. Renaissance culture was
Enjoyed by most Europeans
Rejected by the church for its secularism
That of a small, urban, business elite
limited to the Italian peninsula

85. 70. Renaissance culture was
Enjoyed by most Europeans
Rejected by the church for its secularism
That of a small, urban, business elite
limited to the Italian peninsula

86. 71. According to Machiavelli, the the sole test of “good” government was whether it
Provided the necessary public services
Was based on Christian morality
Protected the liberty of its citizens
Was effective

87. 71. According to Machiavelli, the the sole test of “good” government was whether it
Provided the necessary public services
Was based on Christian morality
Protected the liberty of its citizens
Was effective

88. 72. The ultimate significance of Machiavelli’s work rests on two concepts: that politics is a science and:
The inevitability of the establishment of one permanent social order
Government should provide justice for its citizens
That one permanent social order, reflecting God’s will, cannot be established
That all politics must be amoral

89. 72. The ultimate significance of Machiavelli’s work rests on two concepts: that politics is a science and:
Government should provide justice for its citizens
That one permanent social order, reflecting God’s will, cannot be established
The inevitability of the establishment of one permanent social order
That all politics must be amoral

90. 73. The invention of movable type led to all of the following EXCEPT:
Increased literacy
The use of government propaganda
The growth of national loyalties
The use of French as the language of polite society

91. 73. The invention of movable type led to all of the following EXCEPT:
Increased literacy
The use of government propaganda
The growth of national loyalties
The use of French as the language of polite society

92. 74. In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that:
Men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits
The status of women had improved since the Middle Ages
Men and men alone should act in the public sphere
Women have equal opportunity in marital and extra-marital relations

93. 74. In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that:
Men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits
The status of women had improved since the Middle Ages
Men and men alone should act in the public sphere
Women have equal opportunity in marital and extra-marital relations

94. 75. For ordinary women, the Renaissance:
Had very little impact
Improved the material conditions of their lives
Worsened their status
Allowed them to access education for the first time

95. 75. For ordinary women, the Renaissance:
Had very little impact
Improved the material conditions of their lives
Worsened their status
Allowed them to access education for the first time

96. 76. Thomas More’s Utopia placed the blame for society’s problems on:
Human nature
God’s will
Society itself
The individual

97. 76. Thomas More’s Utopia placed the blame for society’s problems on:
Human nature
God’s will
Society itself
The individual

98. 77. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was:
Education
Control of the papacy
A pious life
The concerted effort which only a strong state could afford

99. 77. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was:
Education
Control of the papacy
A pious life
The concerted effort which only a strong state could afford

100. 78. Gargantua and Pantagruel indicates all of the following about Rabelais except that he:
Disliked hypocritical clergy, pedantic academics, and pompous lawyers
Believed institutions molded individuals
Believed in educational reform
Preferred sophisticated wit and intellectual cleverness

101. 78. Gargantua and Pantagruel indicates all of the following about Rabelais except that he:
Disliked hypocritical clergy, pedantic academics, and pompous lawyers
Believed institutions molded individuals
Believed in educational reform
Preferred sophisticated wit and intellectual cleverness

102. 79. The term “international style” refers to:
Italian balance-of-power diplomacy
The use of movable-type-printing in Europe
The spread of artistic techniques and ideals
The tactics of the centralizing monarchs

103. 79. The term “international style” refers to:
Italian balance-of-power diplomacy
The use of movable-type-printing in Europe
The spread of artistic techniques and ideals
The tactics of the centralizing monarchs

104. 80. The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the:
Peasantry
Nobility
Bourgeoisie
Urban workers

105. 80. The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the:
Peasantry
Nobility
Bourgeoisie
Urban workers

106. 81. The policies of the “new monarchs” of the 15th century were usually:
Copied from Machiavelli
Innovations
A combination of traditional and innovative practices
Based on Augustinian political theory

107. 81. The policies of the “new monarchs” of the 15th century were usually:
Copied from Machiavelli
Innovations
A combination of traditional and innovative practices
Based on Augustinian political theory

108. 82. All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France EXCEPT:
Reform of the royal council
Redistribution of feudal lands
Reform of the judiciary
A permanent royal army

109. 82. All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France EXCEPT:
Reform of the royal council
Redistribution of feudal lands
Reform of the judiciary
A permanent royal army

110. 83. The Concordat of Bologna:
Asserted the superiority of a general council over the Pope
Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars
Institutionalized the French king’s control of the French church
Established the French Estates General

111. 83. The Concordat of Bologna:
Asserted the superiority of a general council over the Pope
Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars
Institutionalized the French king’s control of the French church
Established the French Estates General

112. 84. In order to undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, English kings:
Used their own financial resources
Appealed directly to their subjects for tax monies
Borrowed heavily from Italian bankers to meet their needs
Augmented the ranks of the aristocracy with loyal henchmen

113. 84. In order to undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, English kings:
Used their own financial resources
Appealed directly to their subjects for tax monies
Borrowed heavily from Italian bankers to meet their needs
Augmented the ranks of the aristocracy with loyal henchmen

114. 85. The Star Chamber:
Dealt with noble threats to royal power in England
Was dominated by the great nobles in England
Was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition
Dealt with the finances of the English government

115. 85. The Star Chamber:
Dealt with noble threats to royal power in England
Was dominated by the great nobles in England
Was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition
Dealt with the finances of the English government

116. 86. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by:
Reforming the church
Promoting peace and social order
Restricting the wages of the working class
Lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry

117. 86. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by:
Reforming the church
Promoting peace and social order
Restricting the wages of the working class
Lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry

118. 87. The “new Christians” of Spain were deeply resented for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Their role as tax collectors and money lenders
Their excessive influence in government and administration
Their prominence in commerce, medicine, and law
Their control of the Inquisition

119. 87. The “new Christians” of Spain were deeply resented for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Their role as tax collectors and money lenders
Their excessive influence in government and administration
Their prominence in commerce, medicine, and law
Their control of the Inquisition

120. 88. Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT:
The revival of the hermandades
The retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms
The restructuring of the royal council
Control of the church hierarchy

121. 88. Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT:
The revival of the hermandades
The retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms
The restructuring of the royal council
Control of the church hierarchy

122. 89. Justification for the attacks on the “new Christians” in Spain was based on:
The insincerity of the Jews who converted to Christianity
Early teachings that Jews could not become Christians
Racial arguments that maintained Jews could be nothing but Jews
The belief that the “new Christians” had not renounced Islam

123. 89. Justification for the attacks on the “new Christians” in Spain was based on:
The insincerity of the Jews who converted to Christianity
Early teachings that Jews could not become Christians
Racial arguments that maintained Jews could be nothing but Jews
The belief that the “new Christians” had not renounced Islam