1. Review: Weathering and Erosion

2. What is Mechanical Weathering?

3. What is Mechanical Weathering?
When physical forces break rock into smaller pieces
Does not change the rock’s composition
Three Ways
Frost Wedging
Unloading
Biological Activity

4. Mechanical Weathering: _________________?

5. Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging
Water enters cracks and crevices in rocks
Water freezes expanding the cracks
Eventually breaking rock into pieces

6. Mechanical Weathering: _________________?
The uplift and weathering of rocks overlying igneous rocks
Why?
Pressure on igneous rocks is reduced causing uplift
____________?: slabs of outer rock separate and break loose

7. Mechanical Weathering: Unloading
The uplift and weathering of rocks overlying igneous rocks
Why?
Pressure on igneous rocks is reduced causing uplift
Exfoliation: slabs of outer rock separate and break loose

8. Mechanical Weathering: _________________?
Activities of living organisms
Example:
Plant roots wedge into rocks, breaking them apart

9. What is Chemical Weathering?

10. What is Chemical Weathering?
Is the transfer of rock into one or more new compounds

11. Agents of Chemical Weathering
_________?
Most important agent
Picks up gases from the atmosphere
Causes oxidation of metal minerals
Ex: rusting
Carbon dioxide from respiration, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels
Combines with water in the atmosphere to form acids like in acid rain

12. Agents of Chemical Weathering
Water
Most important agent
Picks up gases from the atmosphere
Oxygen
Causes oxidation of metal minerals
Ex: rusting
Emissions
Carbon dioxide from respiration, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels
Combines with water in the atmosphere to form acids like in acid rain

13. Rate of Weathering What affects it?

14. Rate of Weathering What affects it?
Rock Characteristics
Mineral composition
Mineral solubility
Climate
Temperature and moisture
Favors high temperatures and abundant moisture

15. Surface area
Topography (slope/gravity)

16. How is Soil Formed?

17. How is Soil Formed? Weathering of rocks that is carried away Factors
Parent Material
Time
Climate
Organisms
Slope

18. Soil Texture Triangle 60 20 40 10 70 Percent Clay Percent Silt
Percent Sand
Texture Type 60 20 40 10 70

19. What is Erosion?

20. What is Erosion?
Removal and transport of weathered material from one location to another

21. Agents of Erosion?

22. Agents of Erosion Running Water Wind Glaciers Ocean currents and Waves
Biological Organisms

23. What happens to the Material?
_________?
Materials are dropped in another location
Final stage of erosion

24. What happens to the Material?
Deposition
Materials are dropped in another location
Final stage of erosion

25. What is a Glacier?

26. What is a Glacier?
Large, moving mass of ice that forms near Earth’s poles and in mountainous regions at high elevations

27. How do Glaciers Erode Soil?

28. How do Glaciers Erode Soil?
Scrape and gouge out large sections of landscape
Can carry huge rocks and piles of debris over great distance

29. How can humans control erosion?

30. How can humans control erosion?
Planting rows of trees called windbreakers
Terracing hillsides
Plowing along the contours of hills
Rotating crops

31. What is Mass Movement?

32. What is Mass Movement?
The transfer of rock and soil down-slope due to gravity

33. Triggers of Mass Movement

34. Triggers of Mass Movement
Water
Heavy rain and rapid snow melting saturate the surface
Particles slide past one another easier
Over-steepened Slopes
The steeper the slope, the greater the chance for movement

36. Removal of Vegetation Earthquakes Roots keep soil intact
Removing plants increase chances of movement and erosion
Earthquakes
Dislodge rocks and minerals

37. How to Classify Mass Movement?
Classified by:

38. How to Classify Mass Movement?
Classified by
Kind of material moved
How it moves
Speed of movement

39. Types of Mass Movement

40. Types of Mass Movement Rock falls Slides Slumps Flows Avalanches Creep
Rockslides
Landslides
Slumps
Flows
Mudflow
Earthflow
Avalanches
Creep

41. Preventative Actions

42. Preventative Actions Dig series of trenches to divert running water
Constructing protective fences on highways
Retaining walls for weak slopes
Don’t build on steep slopes

43. The Hydrosphere

44. Distribution of Water On Earth

45. Distribution of Water On Earth
71% of Earth is water
97% in the oceans
3% is freshwater
2% in ice and glaciers
0.6% in underground water
0.4% in rivers, streams, lake and atmosphere

46. Parts of the Water Cycle
__________? liquid water changes into water vapor
__________? liquid or solid water from the clouds
__________? water vapor that turns into liquid making clouds
__________? liquid water moving through the ground
__________? water vapor released to the air by plants
_______? when liquid hit the ground but not absorbed

47. Parts of the Water Cycle
Evaporation: liquid water changes into water vapor
Precipitation: liquid or solid water from the clouds
Condensation: water vapor that turns into liquid making clouds
Infiltration: liquid water moving through the ground
Transpiration: water vapor released to the air by plants
Runoff: when liquid hit the ground but not absorbed

48. The Water Cycle

49. How is Water Used?
70% in ______?
20% in ______?
10% in ______?

50. How is Water Used? 70% in Irrigation 20% in Industries
10% in Cities and Residences

51. How do Currents Influence Climate?

52. How do Currents Influence Climate?
Exchanges heat in the water with the atmosphere
Type of current nearby influences weather for an area
Warm currents bring warm temperatures
Cold currents bring cooler temperatures

53. Current Movement Warm Currents: ________________
Cold Currents: ________________

54. Current Movement Warm Currents Cold Currents
Move from the tropics to the poles
Ex: Gulf Stream (east coast of the US)
Cold Currents
Move from the poles to the equators
Ex: Canary Current

55. Why do Current Moves? Primary Forces? Secondary Forces?
The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the inertia of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected in a clockwise sense (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and in a counter-clockwise sense in the Southern Hemisphere. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones

56. Why do Current Moves? Primary Forces Secondary Forces
Start the movement
Solar heating, winds, gravity, Coriolis
Secondary Forces
Influences where the current flows
The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the inertia of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected in a clockwise sense (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and in a counter-clockwise sense in the Southern Hemisphere. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones

57. How does water become Groundwater?
_____________?
How easily water can pass through connected pore spaces
___________?
Percentage of pore spaces in soil and rock
Clay has the smallest percentage (not permeable)

58. How does water become Groundwater?
Permeability
How easily water can pass through connected pore spaces
Porosity
Percentage of pore spaces in soil and rock
Clay has the smallest percentage (not permeable)

59. Groundwater Layers ________________? _______________?
Area above the water table where water passes through
Area where the soil, sediment and rock are saturated with water
The upper level of the zone of saturation
_______________?
The water within the zone of saturation

60. Groundwater Layers Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation The Water Table
Area above the water table where water passes through
Zone of Saturation
Area where the soil, sediment and rock are saturated with water
The Water Table
The upper level of the zone of saturation
Groundwater
The water within the zone of saturation

61. Aquifers

62. Aquifers
Underground layer of water bearing permeable rock (gravel, sand or silt) from which ground water can be extracted using a well

63. Wells A hole bored into the zone of saturation
Pumping can cause the water table to be lowered
Artesian Well?

64. Wells A hole bored into the zone of saturation
Pumping can cause the water table to be lowered
Artesian Well
Groundwater rises on its own under pressure

65. Problems with Groundwater?

66. Problems with Groundwater
Withdrawing water for agriculture
Toxic metals contaminating the water (arsenic, cadmium, lead)
Salt water intrusion
Salt water from the ocean enters the groundwater near coastal areas

67. A Stream’s Profile ___________? __________? _________?
At the beginning of a stream
Usually at the mountains or higher elevations
__________?
At the end of a stream
Usually at the ocean or another water body
_________?
A stream that empties into another stream

68. A Stream’s Profile Headwater Mouth Tributary
At the beginning of a stream
Usually at the mountains or higher elevations
Mouth
At the end of a stream
Usually at the ocean or another water body
Tributary
A stream that empties into another stream

69. Watershed?

70. An area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers
Watershed
An area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers

71. Drainage Basins?

72. Is the land area that contributes water to a stream
Drainage Basins
Is the land area that contributes water to a stream

73. Results of Floods _____________?
Area where water floods the land
Provides a supplement of nutrient-rich silt to floodplain areas
Recharges groundwater
Kills and causes property damages

74. Results of Floods Floodplain
Area where water floods the land
Provides a supplement of nutrient-rich silt to floodplain areas
Recharges groundwater
Kills and causes property damages

75. How to control Floods? _______________?
Concrete or Earthen mounds built on the banks of a river
Increases the amount of water it can hold
Parallels a stream and helps to contain its water, except during flood stage

76. How to control Floods? Artificial Levees Natural Levees
Concrete or Earthen mounds built on the banks of a river
Increases the amount of water it can hold
Natural Levees
Parallels a stream and helps to contain its water, except during flood stage

77. ____________? Stores floodwater and lets it out slowly
Preserve floodplains instead of building on them

78. Flood-Control Dams Limit Development
Stores floodwater and lets it out slowly
Limit Development
Preserve floodplains instead of building on them

79. Human Activities Causing Flooding
Removing vegetation
Overgrazing
Mining
Building on floodplains
Logging
Forest fire
Destruction of wetlands
Urbanization

80. Human Activities Causing Flooding
Removing vegetation
Overgrazing
Mining
Building on floodplains
Logging
Forest fire
Destruction of wetlands
Urbanization

81. Types of Water Pollution
__________________?
Organic waste and manure
_______________?
Acids, arsenic, lead
________________?
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Oil, detergents, pesticides
Erosion and soil

82. Types of Water Pollution
Oxygen Demanding Agents
Organic waste and manure
Toxic Metals
Acids, arsenic, lead
Inorganic Plant Nutrients
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Organic Chemicals
Oil, detergents, pesticides
Sediment
Erosion and soil

83. Oxygen Demanding Agents
__________? is removed from water by bacteria (B.O.D)
Fish can’t live in streams without _________?

84. Oxygen Demanding Agents
Oxygen is removed from water by bacteria (B.O.D)
Fish can’t live in streams without oxygen

85. _______________? #1 source of water pollution Clouds the water
Blocks sunlight for the aquatic plants

86. Sediment #1 source of water pollution Clouds the water
Blocks sunlight for the aquatic plants

87. Protecting The Water __________________?
Regulates the discharge of pollutants in the US river and streams
Protect the quality of drinking water
Water treatment plants
Well water

88. Protecting The Water Clean Water Act (1972)
Regulates the discharge of pollutants in the US river and streams
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Protect the quality of drinking water
Water treatment plants
Well water

89. Water Conservation Methods

90. Water Conservation Methods
Repair leaking faucets and pipes
Landscape using plants requiring little water
Use drip irrigation
Use water saving appliances
Purify and reuse water