1. The Skeletal System

2. Axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Ribs
Sternum

3. Skull: cranium + face Cranial bones: Frontal Parietal Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

4. Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle

5. Temporal bone Squama temporalis Mastoid part Petrous bone
Zygomatic proces
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid part
Mastoid process
Petrous bone
Contains the middle/inner ear structures
Tympanic part
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process

6. Sphenoid Base of the cranium Body Greater and lesser wings
Sinuses
Sella turcica
Pterygoid processes
Greater and lesser wings
Many foramen
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen rotundum

7. Ethmoid Back and upper nose Perpendicular plate Ethmoid sinuses
Crista gali
Cribriform plate and foramina
Superior and middle nasal conchae

8. Facial bones Maxilla Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible

9. Maxilla Palatine bones
Alveolar processes
Palatine process

10. Zygomatic and lacrimal bones
Zygomatic bone
zygomatic arch
Lower ocular orbit
Lacrimal bones
nasolacrimal canal

11. Nasal bone, Vomer and Inferior nasal conchae

12. Other skull bones
Hyoid bone

13. Other skull bones Auditory ossicles
Three of the smallest bones in your body
Middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone (paired or unpaired?)
From lateral – medial
Malleus, incus & stapes

14. Bones with sinuses Frontal Maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid
Sinus: cavity with the bone of the skull  make it lighter + resonance box for the voice

15. Bones forming the orbit of the eye
Frontal bone
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

16. Bones forming the nasal cavity
Ethmoid
Vomer
Palatine
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Inferior nasal conchae

17. Various “hardcore” bones
Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired”
Paired = left & right
Left & right parietal bones
Left & right temporal bones
Left & right lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Maxilla bones
Palatine bones
Inferior nasal concha

18. Various “hardcore” bones
Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired”
UN-paired (single)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Hyoid bone

19. Skull foramen

20. Vertebral column 31 vertebra divided into regions
Forming various curves
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic

21. Typical vertebra Vertebral body : support
Vertebral canal (foramen): for spinal cord
Processes: for muscle attachment
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Facet: articulation with other vertebrae and ribs

22. Intervertebral foramen: formed by 2 adjacent vertebra  spinal nerves exit through it
Intervertebral discs: made of an envelope of fibrocartilagenous tissues (interanulus fibrosus) and in the center of a gelatinous substance (nucleus pulposus)

23. What happens when a disc ruptures?

24. 7 Cervical vertebrae Typical features: Small body
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen
Special vertebrae: Atlas and Axis:
Atlas = C1 round, occipital condyles
Axis: Dens of axis
C7: longer spinous process prominence

25. Note C7: prominent vertebra (landmark on the vertebral column

26. 12 Thoracic vertebrae NO transverse foramen
Body larger then cervical vertebra
Spinous processes longer, tend to slent downward
Facets of articulation with ribs

27. 5 Lumbar vertebrae
Large wide body
Short spinous prcesses

29. 5 sacral vertebrae  sacrum
5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum
Features:
Auricular surface
Median sacral crest
Sacral canal
Sacral foramina
Apex
Sacral promontory
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae  tailbone

30. Sternum - Ribs - 7 pairs true ribs - 3 pairs – false ribs
- 2 pairs – floating ribs

31. Appendicular skeleton: upper extremity
Pectoral girdle:
Scapula
Clavicle
Upper arm:
Humerus
Lower arm:
Ulna
Radius
Wrist:
Matacarpals bones
Hand
Metacarpals
Phalanges

32. Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle Left or right?
The smooth side (subscapular fossa) is against the rib cage
The glenoid fossa is lateral (it is where the humerus attaches)
Clavicle
Left or right:
Sternal end (square end) against sternum, acromial end (flatter end) against acromiom

33. Clavicle Humerus The curvature near the sternal end sticks out
See previous drawing
Humerus
Left or right?
The head of the humerus
must face medially
The olecranon fossa
(the largest fossa at the elbow)
is posterior

34. Wrist and Hand
See book

35. Appendicular skeleton: lower extremity
Pelvic girdle
Coxal bones
Thigh
Femur
Lower leg:
Tibia
Fibula
Ankle
Tarsal bones
Foot
Metatarsal
Phalanges

36. Coxal bone Left or right? The acetabulum must face externally
The symphysis pubis is anterior

37. Femur Left or right? The head of the femur must face internally
The smooth surface in the lower femur is anterior while the deep groove is posterior

38. Tibia - Fibula Tibia: Fibula: Left or right?
The styloid process, at the base is the exernal malleolus or internal ankle
The tibial tuberosity is anterior
Fibula:
The hed of the fibula is against the lateral condyle
The styloid process is the lateral malleolus or external ankle
Slented side of styloid process is posterior

39. Ankle - Foot

40. Scoliosis

41. Lordosis Kyphosis

42. Kyphosis