1. Business Finance
Chapter 1

2. Financial management is concerned with managing a corporation’s money
Where to invest money
Whether or not to replace an asset
When to issue new stocks or bonds
How to raise money

3. Functions of Financial Management
Allocate funds to current and fixed assets
Obtain best mix of financing
Develop an appropriate dividend policy
Acquire new funds
Credit management
Inventory control
Receipt and disbursements of funds

4. Possible Goals of Financial Management
Earn the highest profit
Increase the value of the firm
Maximize shareholder wealth
Maximize management wealth
Act in a socially responsible or ethical manner
5, 7

5. Forms of Business Organization
Sole proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Subchapter S

6. Sole Proprietorship Single person ownership
Unlimited liability for owner
Profits/losses taxed as though they belong to owner

7. Partnership Two or more owners Unlimited liability for owners
Articles of partnership specify ownership interest, methods of distributing profits/losses, and means of withdrawal
Losses/profits allocated directly to partners

8. Corporation Legal entity Formed through articles of incorporation
Owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to investment
Continual life
Easy division/transfer of ownership
Managed by a Board of Directors

9. Pays taxes on its income
Remaining income is paid to shareholders as dividends
Shareholders pay taxes on dividends leading to double taxation
May form a Subchapter S Corporation to prevent double taxation
Disc. Questions 1, 3, 4

10. How will we see the difference?
Balance sheet – ownership
Raising funds
Dividends paid
Cash flow – owner’s draw

11. Agency Theory Agents act on behalf of others
Ex: Real estate agents, sports agents
Relationship between the owners and managers of a firm
Two different groups in a public corporation
May cause conflicts of interests in running the company
Mgrs are supposed to make the best decisions in the interest of the shareholders

12. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 response to corporate scandals
Federal law drafted that increased regulation of corporations’ accounting practices and governance
Focus is to make sure that corporations present financial information accurately
Creates an Oversight Board that increases standards for auditing

13. Current Issues in Finance
Risk vs. return
Short–term vs. long-term
Raising money through stocks or bonds

17. Financial Markets
Meeting place for people, corporations, and institutions what need money or have money to lend or invest
Public financial markets – government that is borrowing for highways, education, welfare or other public activities
Corporate financial markets – corporations raising money

18. What is bought or sold is called a “security”
An investment instrument issued by a corporation, government, or other organization which offers evidence of debt or equity
Securities include stocks, bonds, notes, options, calls, and leases

19. Money markets – deals with short-term securities that have a life of one year or less (ex: CD sold by a bank)
Capital market – deals with long-term securities that have a life over one year

20. Who are the primary participants in the capital markets?
U.S. Treasury, other agencies of the federal, state and local gov’t, and corporations

21. The international capital markets are rapidly increasing in importance.
Influenced by:
Iron curtain "collapse."
Reunification of East and West Germany.
A more competitive and tariff-free Europe.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Economic growth of Asian countries led by China.

22. Competition for Funds in the U.S. Capital Markets
U.S. Treasury sells short/long term securities for financing
Treasury bills (or T-bills) -short-term securities that mature in one year or less from their issue date.
Interest paid as difference between purchase price and payment at maturity
For example, if you bought a $10, week Treasury bill for $9,750 and held it until maturity, your interest would be $250
You buy T-bills for a price less than their par (face) value, and when they mature we pay you their par value. Your interest is the difference between the purchase price of the security and what we pay you at maturity (or what you get if you sell the bill before it matures).

23. Treasury notes and bonds - securities that pay fixed rate of interest every six months until maturity
Difference between them is length until maturity. Treasury notes mature in 1-10 years from their issue date. Bonds mature in more than 10 years from their issue date.

24. Treasury bonds

25. Corporations sell securities for funds also
Common stock – company sells ownership interest with voting rights to control company for capital
Preferred stocks - usually have a fixed dividend and carry no voting rights. They have priority over common stocks in the case of bankruptcy and with regard to dividends. They technically have an unlimited life but often are redeemable.
Most companies shy away from issuing preferred stock because it is an expensive form of capitalization. Preferreds pay dividends, which are paid from after-tax profits, while bonds pay interest, which is paid from pre-tax dollars. Therefore, preferreds are more costly to corporations because they get no tax break, but owning preferred stocks of other companies is another issue. Corporations are exempt from taxes on up to 80% of preferred dividend income. The IRS calls it a "dividend received" deduction and, unfortunately, individuals are not eligible for this tax relief. That's why preferreds are mostly held by corporations, but that should not prevent individuals from owning preferreds.

26. Common stock is sold in two ways by corporation
Initial Public offering (IPO)
Secondary offering

27. Securities are later traded by owners in security markets
Primary markets in the U.S. the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ - American Stock Exchange (AMEX).
Exchanges of lesser importance include the Chicago, Pacific, Detroit, Boston, Cincinnati, and PBW (Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington) exchanges.
NASDAQ is electronic

29. Regulation
Organized securities markets are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and through self-regulation. 

30. Laws governing securities trading
Securities Act of 1933:  Requires full disclosure of all pertinent investment information on new corporate security issues.
Securities Exchange Act of created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and empowered it to regulate securities markets.
Securities Acts Amendments of Directed SEC to supervise development of national securities market

31. Which is most popular?
Corporations tend to raise funds through debt more often than equity