1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Wildlife
“Every time we lose a species we break a life chain which has evolved over 3.5 billion years.”
- Jeffrey McNeely

2. Biological Diversity TEXT BOOK
It refers to the totality and variety of life on earth .
It includes :
Genetic diversity with species.
Variety among species.
The range of ecosystems within which life exists and interacts.

3. Continued……..
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Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth.
Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems.

4. THE NOBLE BIODIVERSITY

5. TOTAL BIODIVERSITY PLANTS - 287,655 FUNGI - 74,000 – 120,000 LICHEN
- 74,000 – 120,000
LICHEN
- 10,000
BIRDS
- 10,243
MAMMALS
- 5,416
ANIMALS
- 1,250,000
FISHES
- 29,300
REPTILES
- 8,240
AMPHIBIANS
- 5,743
2004 approx. statistics

6. Species Distribution
The density of species is very high in the Southern Hemisphere.
70% of the world’s species is found in just 12 countries
They are – Australia, Brazil, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico, Peru and Congo.
The Hindu-Kush-Himalayas have at least 25,000plant species that is 10% of the world’s flora.

7. WHAT IS FLORA AND FAUNA ? FLORA - The plants of a particular area
FAUNA - All the animals living in an area

8. WHAT IS WILDLIFE ? TEXT BOOK
Wildlife is not only forests it is everywhere.
It includes all non-domesticated flora and fauna native to an area.
The flora and fauna are mutually dependent on each other.
Wildlife is seen as a part of the biodiversity of plants and animals, and micro-organisms.

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Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals, and other organisms.
It can be found in all ecosystems, Deserts, rain forests, plains, and other areas, all have distinct forms of wildlife.
It also refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is impacted by human activities.

10. THE VARIOUS TYPES OF ANIMALS
--- WILDLIFE

11. HOW ARE THE FLORA AND FAUNA DEPENDENT ON EACH OTHER ?
The flora and fauna of an area are mutually dependent and have to be considered together.
The animals need plants for food and shelter.
In turn, animals and birds provide their waste as manure for the plants.
They propagate the seeds of plants.

12. LOSS OF WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY
The world is losing its biodiversity at an alarming rate.
The current loss of biodiversity is faster than ever before in human history and there is no sign of this process slowing down.
Many animal and plant populations have declined in numbers and geographical spread.

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There is a rate of disappearance of species called the background rate of extinction.
Now, human activities have increased the extinction rate by times compared to the background rate.

14. WHY DO WE LOSS BIODIVERSITY ?
Population explosion
Deforestation
Poaching
Genetic Pollution
Destruction of habitat
Hybridization
Climate Change
Clearing of land for agriculture
Bio Piracy
Unsustainable use of natural resources
Mass Hunting
Plain Cruelty

15. THE POACHING MENANCE

16. THE HEAT OF DEFORESTATION

17. THREATS TO WILDLIFE Habitat Fragmentation and loss
Conflict over Habitat management
Human disturbance of Wildlife

18. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION AND DESTRUCTION OF GREAT APE IN CENTRAL AFRICA.

19. CLASSIFICATION OF THREATHENED SPECIES
Critically Endangered
- The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. They are about to be wiped out of existence.
Endangered
- The species is not critically endangered but is facing a risk of extinction in the wild in the coming future.
Vulnerable
- The species is not in the first two categories but is facing high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future.

20. THREATHENED SPECIES IN INDIA
Critically Endangered
Jenkin's Shrew
Malabar Large-spotted Civet
Namdapha Flying Squirrel
Pygmy Hog
Salim Ali's Fruit Bat
Sumatran Rhinoceros
Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat

21. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
FRUIT BAT
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
Namdapha Flying Squirrel

22. Continued…….. Endangered Asiatic Lion Asiatic Black Bear Desert Cat
Great Indian Rhinoceros
Nilgiri Leaf Monkey
Indian Elephant or Asian Elephant
Chiru (Tibetan Antelope)
Ganges River Dolphin

23. Continued…….. Endangered Indus River Dolphin Nicobar Shrew
Nilgiri Tahr
Particolored Flying Squirrel
Red Panda
Snow Leopard
Tiger Wild
Water Buffalo

24. ENDANGERED
NILGIRI GREEN LEAF MONKEY
ASIATIC LION

25. SNOW LEOPARD
THE ENDANGERED ONE

26. Continued…….. Vulnerable Blackbuck Asiatic Wild Dog Brown Bear Dugong
GreyIndian Wolf
Himalayan Musk Deer
Asiatic Black Bear
Asiatic Wild Ass
Barasingha
Blackbuck

27. Continued…….. Vulnerable Four-horned Antelope Himalayan Tahr
Nicobar Flying Fox
Royal Bengal Tiger
Sloth Bear
Takin
Wild Goat
Wild Yak
Lesser Panda

28. BARAHSINGHA
VULNERABLE
ROYAL BENGAL TIGER
SLOTH BEAR

29. HUNTING
TEXT BOOK
Hunting is a deliberate killing of wild animals for pleasure and should be banned.
It should be allowed when there is a valid reason such as an animal posing grave danger to people or other animals in that area.

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Hunting is the practice of pursuing living animals (usually wildlife) for food, recreation, or trade.
The species which are hunted are referred to as game and are usually large or small mammals or migratory or non-migratory game birds.

31. POACHING TEXT BOOK Poaching is illegal hunting.
It is primarily done to make money.
Due to poaching many species have become threatened and has led to heavy loss of biodiversity around the world.
Poaching generally happens when a animal may be protected or may be in a protected area.

32. CAT FAMILY IS MOSTLY POACHED FOR ITS SKIN

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Poaching is the illegal hunting, fishing, or eating of wild plants or animals contrary to local and international conservation and wildlife management laws.
Violations of hunting laws and regulations are normally punishable by law and, collectively, such violations are known as poaching.

34. CRUELTY TOWARDS ANIMALS
Harsh hunting that causes pain and suffering : Whales are hunted with harpoons, clubbing Seals to death, catching Wild animals with steel jaw traps.
Transportation: long travel over seas and land in packed containers and trucks is stressful for the animals.
Keeping in confined spaces: animals in zoos do not have enough space to roam about as they have in the wild.

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Experimentation: students and scientists perform experiments and test medicines on animals which is very painful and stressful.

36. CRUELTY TOWARDS ANIMALS

37. BIOPIRACY
TEXT
Bio piracy is the exploitation of indigenous knowledge without proper compensation.
It leads to the loss of biodiversity.

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Bio piracy is a negative term for the appropriation of legal rights over indigenous knowledge - particularly indigenous biomedical knowledge - without compensation to the indigenous groups who originally developed such knowledge.

39. WHEN CAN ONE SAY THAT IT IS A CASE OF BIO PIRACY ?
Traditional communities all over the world posses extensive knowledge of local plant species and their medicinal value.
A pharmaceutical company may collect such knowledge about a plant and make a patented drug out of it.
If the company sells the drug without making any payment to the community that shared its knowledge, then it would be made a case of BIOPIRACY.

40. TYPES OF CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
In-Situ (on-site) conservation tries to protect species where they are living, i.e. in their natural habitat.
Ex-Situ (off-site) conservation attempts to preserve and protect the species in a place away from their natural habitat.

41. IN-SITU Conservation
It identifies and protects natural areas that have high biodiversity.
It includes the establishment of
Natural parks – in these parks, dwellings and private ownership of land are not permitted. Traditional activities like grazing and fuel wood collection are a also prohibited.
Sanctuaries – in sanctuaries only some specific high class activities, which do not harm the biodiversity, are permitted.

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Natural Reserves – these are larger areas in which the wild flora and fauna are protected. However, people are allowed to lie in the same area and are also allowed to carry on their traditional practices and activities.

43. THE OBJECTIVE BEHIND IT ?
The main objective behind In-Situ Conservation is to preserve large areas undeveloped land so that ecosystems and biodiversity can continue to flourish and evolve.

44. NATIONAL PARKS (INDIA)
Kaziranga National Park, Assam
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam
Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Rajasthan
Sunderban National Park, West Bengal
Nanda Devi National Park, Uttaranchal

45. ONE OF THE TIGERS OF THE SUNDERBAN NATIONAL PARK

46. THE FAMOUS RHINOS OF THE KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK

47. BIOSPHERE RESERVES(INDIA)
Nilgiri, Western Ghats
Kerala and Karnataka
Nanda Devi, Uttaranchal
Manas , Assam
Sunderbans, West Bengal
Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
Similipal, Orissa
Dehang Debang, Arunachal Pradesh
Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh

48. AN EXAMPLE OF THE RICH BIODIVERSITY OF GULF OF MANNAR

49. EX-SITU Conservation
It is impossible to preserve all biodiversity by the In-Situ Conservation.
Given the population and other pressures, we cannot set aside the required huge land area.
So, where the population of a species has dwindled to extremely low levels, Ex-Situ Conservation is the way.

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In this type of conservation we conserve biodiversity in an artificial setting.
This includes the storage of seeds in banks, breeding of captive animal species in zoos, and setting up botanical gardens, aquariums and research institutes.

51. HOW DO ZOOS HELP IN CONSERVING WILDLIFE ?
Along with many other animals, zoo also preserves a few who are critically endangered species.
If an animal breeds in captivity, the zoo may ultimately reintroduce the species into protected reserves.
The public tends to support the savings of large or popular species like the tiger, elephant and panda.

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There is not much interest in protecting smaller or less attractive species, even if they are known to be very important for the ecosystem.
But the people who understand there importance, provide good financial aid to the zoos.

53. CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THREATEND SPECIES
Captive breeding is the reproduction of threatened animals in captivity.
Captive breeding could prevent the species from going extinct.
Individuals are bred in zoos or special centres.

54. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF IGUANAS (Lizard) IN CAPTIVE BREEDING

55. WHAT DOES THIS METHOD OF CAPTIVE BREEDING INCLUDE ?
The individuals of a species in a breeding programme serves as a genetic reservoir for the species.
When the population stabilizes and the threat to the species is reduced, the captive breeding program releases the individuals into the habitat of the species.
This method has been successfully used in the case of many threatened species.
The most famous is the captive breeding of giant pandas in china.

56. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The convention on biological diversity (CBD) was approved in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and came into force in About 190 countries including India are parties to the Convention.
The convention has 3 main goals:-
Convention on biodiversity,
Sustainable use of the components of the biodiversity
Sharing the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way.

57. INDIAN LAWS FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE
Biodiversity Act Of 2002
Wildlife protection Act Of 1972 And Prevention Of Poaching
PETA(People for the Ethical Treatment Of Animals)
People For Animals
Beauty Without Cruelty
SPCA(Society For The Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals)
Blue Cross Of India

58. SAVING THE ENDANGERED AFRICAN ELEPHANT
In 1989, the African elephant was declared as an endangered species. The elephants were decreasing primarily due to the ivory trade.
By 2000, however the elephant population had recovered in Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.
This is one of the success stories of CITES, the convention on international trade in endangered animal and Plant species.

59. SAVE THE ENDANGERED AFRICAN ELEPHANT

60. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY BY BHUTAN
With its thick forest cover and immense biodiversity , the small Himalayan country of Bhutan is called the ‘oxygen tank’ of the world.
Out of an area of 40,000 sq km, 72 % is under forest cover. Thus, this ecosystem supports 7000 species of plants, 165 of mammals, and 700 species of birds.
So, the Bhutanese Government has taken very positive steps to conserve its rich biodiversity.
Currently, 35% of Bhutan is protected. The government, is determined to maintain a forest cover of at least 60%.

61. SAVING SNAKES AND CROCODILES
Romulus Whitaker, who came to India when he was 7 learnt the art of snake-catching from the Irulas of Tamil Nadu and Crocodile catching from the natives of Papua New Guinea.
In 1972, Whitaker and some of his friends set up the Madras Snake Park. Most of the keepers in the park are Irula tribals. The park has many species of snakes, crocodiles and turtles.
Many endangered snake species have been breed in captivity in the snake park. The offspring have been either released in to the wild or made available to zoos.

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The park gets hundreds of visitors and it tries to remove wrong ideas people have about snakes.
Whitaker had also set up a Crocodile Bank, which breeds crocodiles in captivity and releases them into the wild.
WHITAKER PERSUADING SNAKES