1. MB IT 02 System Analysis and Design (SAD) and Software Engg

2. …General discussion

3. What is a System?
A collection of parts that work together to achieve a goal/task
Examples
Solar system
Digestive systems
Public transport system
Computer system
Information system

4. System Concepts (continued)4

5. System Analysis and Design (SAD)
Analysis: defining the problem
From requirements to specification
Design: solving the problem
From specification to implementation

6. System Analysis and Design (SAD)
Systems Analysis: understanding and specifying in detail what a system should do
System Design: specifying in detail how the parts of an system should be implemented
Definition of SAD:
The complex organizational process whereby computer-based information systems are developed and maintained.

7. Software Engineering

8. Software
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) defines software as
“collection of computer programs, procedures, rules and associated documentation and data“

9. Characteristic of Software
It is intangible part of the computer system
Software is intrinsically complex.
Software does not wear out but deteriorates.
Software is not manufactured but developed.
Software is prone to failure.
Software is costly to maintain.

10. Software Categories
Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market.
It can be classified into two categories
Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers e.g. PC software such as Excel or Word.
customized - developed for a single customer according to their specification (Hospital management system)

11. What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an art of developing quality software in an effective and efficient way.
According to IEEE definition
“Software Engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation and maintenance of software”.

12. Activity Cost Distribution
15%
40%
25%
20%

13. Development - Maintenance Cost Ratios
40%
60%

14. Maintenance Cost Ratios
22%
22%
56%

15. Management Myths Myths Realities
‘We already have books full of standards and procedures for building software. That will provide my people with everything they need to know’
‘My people do have state-of-the-art hardware’ which is essential ingredient for successful software production.
Standards are rarely used
Developers rarely know about them
Standards are often out-of-date and incomplete
Software tools are usually more important than hardware tools for achieving quality and productivity.

16. Management Myths Myths Realities
‘If we get behind schedule we can add more programmers and catch up’
Adding more manpower to the project, which is already behind schedule, further delays the project.
New workers take longer time to learn about the project as compared to those already working on the project

17. Management Myths Myths Realities
‘If I decide to outsource the software project to a third party, I can just relax and let that firm build it
Outsourcing software to a third party does not help the organization

18. User’s Myths Myth Realities
Insufficient knowledge about requirements is the major cause of software failure
Formal and detailed descriptions of data, functionality, design constraints are essential
Communication between user and developer is vital
‘A general statement of objectives is sufficient to begin writing software - we can fill in the details later’

19. User’s Myths Myth Realities
‘Project requirements continually change but change can be easily accommodated because software is flexible’
The impact of change varies according to the time when it is introduced
Early requests for change can be easily made and can be much cheaper
Changes made during design, implementation and installation have a severe impact on cost

20. Developer’s Myths Myth Realities
‘Once we write the program and get it to work, our job is done’
‘Until I get the program running I really have no way of assessing its quality’
‘The only deliverable for a successful project is the working program’
50% to 70% of all the efforts are expended after the software is delivered to the user.
The success of a project does not depend only on the quality of programs. Documentation and software configuration are also essential

21. Why Software Engineering?
Major Goals:
- To increase software productivity and quality.
- To effectively control software schedule and planning.
- To reduce the cost of software development.
- To meet the customers’ needs and requirements.
- To improve the current software engineering practice.
- To support the engineers’ activities in a systematic and efficient manner.

22. What are the key challenges facing software engineering?
Coping with legacy systems, coping with increasing diversity and coping with demands for reduced delivery times
Legacy systems
Old, valuable systems must be maintained and updated
Heterogeneity
Systems are distributed and include a mix of hardware and software
Delivery
There is increasing pressure for faster delivery of software

23. Coming to Syllabus Topics

24. System 1. System’s Concept
Def. A System is a set of components that interact with one another and serve for a common purpose or goal.

25. 1. System’s Concept system has nine main characteristics :
Components Input.
Interrelationships Output.
Boundary Interface.
Purpose Constraints.
Environment.

26. System’s Concept (cont’d)
FIGURE 1-1 Characteristics of a system

27. 2. System’s Characteristics
• A component is either an irreducible part or an aggregate of parts, also called a subsystem.
• The components are interrelated; that is, the function of one is somehow tied to the function of the others.
• A system has a boundary, within which all of its components are contained and which establishes the limits of a system, separating it from other systems.
• All of the components work together to achieve some overall purpose: the system’s reason for existing.

28. System’s Characteristics (cont’d)
• A system operates within an environment – everything outside the system’s boundary. The environment surrounds the system, both affecting it and being affected by it.
• The point at which the system meets its environment are called interface.
• A system must face constraints in its functioning because there are limits to what it can do and how it can achieve its purpose within its environment.
• A system interact with the environment by means of inputs and outputs. Input is anything entering the system from the environment; output is anything leaving the system crossing the boundary to the environment .

29. Elements of a System Outputs and inputs Processor(s) Control Feedback
Environment
Boundaries and interface

30. System Elements
INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCESS
FEEDBACK

31. 3. Feedback and Control in a System
Very often output’s data are returned to the input of the system, and used to regulate the system’s activity.
Such a process is called feedback. It helps to adjust the system to changes so that the system operates in a balanced state, or equilibrium. This feature of a system is used in control.
Def. Control is the process that measures current performance and guides it towards a predetermined goal. It is the decision making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing i/p, processing and o/p

32. Feedback and Control in a System (cont’d)
Two types of feedback are related to system control.
• Negative feedback is corrective feedback that helps maintain the system within a critical operating range and reduces performance fluctuations around the norm or standard. Negative feedback is transmitted in feedback control loops. A sensor detects the effect of output on the external environment; this information is returned to the system as an input, and necessary adjustments are made according to predetermined goal.
• positive feedback reinforces the operation of a system by causing it to continue its performance and activities without changes.

33. Types of Systems Physical or Abstract system
Physical system are tangible entities . For e.g. computer system
Abstract System are non physical entities. For e.g. models

34. Types of Systems Open or Closed system
An open system has many interfaces with its environment. It permits interaction across its boundary. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside.
A closed system is isolated from environmental influences

35. Types of Systems Information Systems
Interrelated components working together to
Collect
Process
Store
Disseminate information
To support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualization in an organization

36. What is an Information System?
A SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO ACCOMPLISH THE ORGANIZATION’S TASKS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM?
A SYSTEM THAT USES COMPUTERS TO PROVIDE THE NEEDED INFORMATION

37. Computer-based Information Systems (CBIS) vs Manual Systems
Information system that rely on computer hardware and software for processing and disseminating information
Manual systems
Use paper + pencil technology

38. Difference between manual IS and computer based IS
Manual IS works without the help of technology
Manual IS is slow and may be inaccurate
Retrieving information in manual IS is quite hectic and time consuming task.
Computer based IS
CBIS uses computer technology to perform its tasks
CBIS is very accurate and provide results faster than the manual IS
Data processing and fetching information is fast

39. ...cont
Through CBIS it is easy to convert and present info in a presentable manner e.g. graphs, charts tables etc.
Huge amount of information can be easily stored, copied, moved from a system
It is expensive compared to the manual IS
it provides more security and have many options like password, login ID’s
Manual IS is less capable of presenting information in a systematic way.
Manual IS in not suitable for storing huge data
Manual IS is less expensive than CBIS
It provides less security for information stored

40. Components of Computer based Information System
It is an organized combination of
Data
Hardware
Software
Communications networks
People
Policies and procedures
This is a simple definition that we will expand upon later
What’s an example?
Smoke signals to transmit information
Card catalogs in a library
Book bag with day planner, notebooks, that allows you organize inputs from lectures, presentations and discussions. The output is homework and good exam grades
Cash register at restaurant
Other examples? 40

41. The Components of a Computer-Based Information System
(continued)
The Components of a Computer-Based Information System 41

42. Data: Input that the system take to produce information

43. Hardware: Computer and its peripheral equipments
Hardware: Computer and its peripheral equipments. The equipments are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices

44. Software: Set of instructions that tell the computer how to take the data in, how to process it, how to display the output and how to stores the data and information

45. Communication Network: Hardware and software that facilitates the fast transmission and reception of texts, pictures, sound and animation in the form of electronic data

46. People: IS professional and users who analyses the organizational information needs designs, constructs and uses information system

47. Policies and procedures: Rules for achieving optimal and secure operation in data processing

48. Computer based Information System Types
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Expert System and Artificial Intelligence (ES &AI)

49. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
TPS are computerized information systems that were developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transaction.
Data about each transaction are captured,
Transactions are verified and accepted/rejected,
Validation transactions are stored for later aggregation.
Report may be produced to provide summarization of the transactions, and
Transaction may be moved from process to process in order to handle all aspects of the business activities.

50. Management Information Systems (MIS)
Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception reports.
It takes the relatively raw data available through a TPS and converts them into a meaningful aggregated form that mangers need to conduct their responsibilities.

51. Decision Support systems (DSS)
Information system at the management level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support semi- structured and unstructured decision making.
DSS are designed to help organizational decision making.
A DSS is composed of a:
Database ( may be extracted from a TPS/MIS)
Graphical/mathematical models for business process
User interface that provides a way to communicate with DSS

52. Expert Systems An expert system is…
A computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be performed by a human expert
gives the computer the ability to make suggestions and to act like an expert in a particular field
Examples: diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts

53. System development models

54. Stages of the System development
Investigation or Feasibility analysis
Requirement analysis
Design
Construction
Testing
Implementation
Maintenance

56. Waterfall model
In waterfall model the development of system proceeds linearly and sequentially from requirement analysis to design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. So it also known an Linear Sequential model.
It has different phases and each phase has its distinct goal.
Once a phase is completed, the development of system proceeds to the next phase.
Each phase modifies the intermediate product to develop a new product as an output
The new product becomes the input of the next process

57. Waterfall Deficiencies
Requirements need to be specified before the development proceeds
Deliverables created for each phase are considered frozen – inhibits flexibility
Does not reflect problem-solving nature – iterations of phases
Little opportunity for customer to preview the system

58. Throwaway prototype model
The development of the product starts with the part of the system which is poorly understood by the developer.
It is then designed and exposed to the user to get more and refined requirements.
The revised specifications are again designed and developed into another enhanced prototype of the software.

59. Throwaway prototype model
The reviewing , revising specifications and implementing continues until final specifications are documented.
The final specifications are regarded as the base of the delivery and all the developed prototypes are discarded.

60. Throwaway prototyping model

61. Iterative enhancement model

62. Incremental development
Rather than deliver the system as a single delivery, the development and delivery is broken down into increments with each increment delivering part of the required functionality.
User requirements are prioritised and the highest priority requirements are included in early increments.
Once the development of an increment is started, the requirements are frozen though requirements for later increments can continue to evolve.

63. Incremental development
The first increment is available to the user within short time. This increment meets most of the critical requirements of the user for immediate use. Hence he need not wait for delivery of the entire system.
Exposure of early increments to the user helps refining the requirements for subsequent increments
Subsequent increments would address the shortcomings of the earlier increments. This minimizes the risk of overall project failure

64. Spiral model

65. Spiral model sectors Planning
Specific objectives for the phase are identified. The products and its constraints are identified. The alternatives and risk factor for the development of the products with constraints are identified
Risk assessment
Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key risks.
Engineering
A development model for the system is chosen .
User Evaluation
The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned.

66. The model demands a high level expertise to deal with the risk analysis and control
For small project, this model may not time and cost effective

67. Chapter -1
The End