Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Identify the symbol for its religion.
Question of the Day Identify the symbol for its religion. 3. 2. 1. 5. 4.

1. The moon and star is now a symbol of Islam
1. The moon and star is now a symbol of Islam. Some Muslim countries have the moon on their flag. This symbol was first used in Turkey. 2. This is the Hindu symbol. It is called Om or Aum. This is the word for god. 3. One of the oldest symbols of the Jewish faith is the menorah, a seven-branched candelabrum used in the Temple. 4. This is the Sikh symbol. It is called the Khanda. It is a circle and two swords. The circle means God is always there. The sword means Sikhs believe in truth and must help people in need. 5. This is a Buddhist symbol. The wheel shows the cycle of birth, death and reincarnation.

Field Note: Dying and Resurrection
Figure 7.1 Vyshniyvolochek, Russia. A Russian Orthodox church lies in ruins in this small village in 1964. “When I made my first trip to the Soviet Union in 1964, the world was divided into West and East in the Cold War. I was cataloging the unique cultural landscape in my mind as my group drove along a road from Leningrad to Moscow: I was looking for evidence of communism on the landscape. The rural areas were filled with state and collective farms. To me, the most interesting aspect of the landscape was the multitude of churches in ruins.” © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Field Note “Each religion approaches the disposition of the deceased in different ways, and cultural landscapes reflect religious traditions. In largely Christian, western regions, the deceased are buried in large, sometimes elaborate cemeteries. The Hindu faith requires cremation of the deceased. Wherever large Hindu communities exist outside of India, you will see crematoriums, the equivalent of a Hindu funeral home.” Figure 7.2 Mombasa, Kenya © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Cultural Landscape marked by…
Houses of worship??? Presence or absence of ???? Modes of dress??? Personal habits??? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Role Does It Play in Culture?
What Is Religion, and What Role Does It Play in Culture? According to Stoddard and Prorak, religion is “A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities should do or should behave). A method of constructing coherence and meaning in the world Religions set standards for how people “should” behave. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Role of Religion How has religion played a role in the development of human societies? Combating social ills, sustaining the poor, promoting the arts, educating the deprived, and advancing medical knowledge Blocked scientific study, encouraged the oppression of dissidents, supported colonialism and exploitation, and condemned women to an inferior status in many societies People explain and justify how they and others “should” behave based on their religious beliefs Rituals are important  mark important events in peoples lives (births, deaths, marriages, adulthood, etc.

disposition of the deceased -
Each religion approaches the disposition of the deceased in different ways, and cultural landscapes reflect the religious traditions. Christian, western regions bury dead in cemetaries. Hindu faith requires cremation. Hindu crematorium in Mombasa, Kenya

Religion’s impact in history and culture is evident in its centrality in many places
Churches often built in the center of towns, reflecting their importance. Antwerp, Belgium

What Role Does It Play in Culture?
What Is Religion, and What Role Does It Play in Culture? Religions manifests itself in many ways: worship prayer rituals take place through regular intervals birth, marriage, and death attainment of adulthood secularism is the indifference to or rejection of religion. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

secularism 2009 survey – Is religion important in your life?
More Developed Countries (MDCs) US – 57% France – 13% Sweden – 8% Czech Republic – 7% Less Developed Countries (LDCs) Senegal – 98% Bangladesh – 97% Brazil – 78%

Europe or western society highly influenced by Christianity
Identify characteristics about yourself that are influenced by religion poverty education medicine women oppression

Describe how religion and language affect and change each other to shape cultures. Consider what happens to a society’s religion and language when a different religion or language diffuses to the place. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Where Did the Major Religions of the World Originate, and How Do Religions Diffuse? monotheistic religions: single god polytheistic religions: many gods animistic religions: inanimate objects possess spirits © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

History Most religions were animistic or polytheistic until about 3500 years ago Zoroastrianism – first monotheistic faith Judaism, Christianity, and Islam can be traced to Zoroastrianism (some believe the Judaism is the first monotheistic faith) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

History By 500 BCE, 4 major religious hearths existed Greek along Mediterranean Hinduism in South Asia Judaism in eastern Mediterranean Chinese philosophies – Huang He/Yellow River valley (China) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hearths of Religion and Philosophy by 500 BCE

Where Did the Major Religions of the World Originate, and How Do Religions Diffuse? major types of religion: universalizing religions: actively seek converts believe that they offer universal appropriateness and appeal Christianity, Islam, Buddhism ethnic religions: adherents are born into the faith do not actively seek converts spatially located, Judaism the exception © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Are there any problems with the previous map?
South Asia? Sub-Saharan Africa? Cameroon France © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early diffusion spread eastward to Southeast Asia
Early diffusion spread eastward to Southeast Asia. Later, when Christianity and Islam appeared, Hindu thinkers attempted to assimilate certain teachings into their own religion. Island of Bali remains a Hindu outpost  refuge for Hindu holy men, nobles, and intellectuals during the 16th century when Islam engulfed neighboring Java.

Where Did the Major Religions of the World Originate, and How Do Religions Diffuse? From the Hearth of South Asia Hinduism one of oldest religions; over 4000 years originated in the Indus River Valley Ganges (sacred river) ancient practices include ritual bathing and reincarnation polytheistic © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hinduism Common account holds that Hinduism originated from practices of ancient cities of Mojenjo Daro and Harappa (Indus River valley in Pakistan). ethnic religion do not actively seek converts spread around world by British colonialism but you only see pockets of Hinduism rather than regions Hindus define their religion as monotheistic universal soul is Brahman (main god) and all other gods are various expressions of Brahman most consider it polytheistic

Hindu Caste System Top Caste Pariah

Hindu Gods and Goddesses
Brahma (Creator) Shiva (Destroyer) Three aspects of the divine Vishnu (Preserver)

Reincarnation – all beings have souls and are arranged in a hierarchy; goal is to move upward to a point of union w. the universal soul

“Sacred Cow” Devout Hindus are vegetarian.

Hindu Temple – Angkor Wat, Cambodia. This temple suffers from neglect and destruction now, as Buddhism has supplanted Hinduism in most of Cambodia. Early diffusion of Hinduism to Southeast Asia

From the Hearth of South Asia
Buddhism – splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago BCE). Originated in a region from Nepal south to the Ganges River area. * anyone can achieve salvation, reach enlightenment founder: Siddartha (the Buddha) sacred sites: stupas (contain sculptures of Buddha) diffusion: most strongly into Tibet in the north and into East Asia **Enlightenment comes from self knowledge, elimination of greed, craving, and desire, complete honesty, and never hurting another person or animal. Formed as a reaction to questions about Hinduisms strict social hierarchy. Prince Siddhartha, heir to a wealthy kingdom in what is now Nepal, founded Buddhism. Spread by Emperor Asoka, the leader of a powerful Indian state, through missionaries into Southeast Asia and South Asia.

Buddhism Estimated 347 million adherents to Buddhism
Theraveda Buddhism  a monastic faith that holds salvation is a personal matter, achieved through good and religious activities, including periods of service as a monk or nun Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos Mahayana Buddhism  holds that salvation can be aided by appeals to superhuman, holy sources of merit; do not serve as monks but practice meditation Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and China Lamaism (Tibet)  combines monastic Buddhism with worship of local demons and deities.

Buddhism S. Gautama Enlightenment “Buddha” Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path

Buddhism ETHICS Emphasis of Buddhism is ethical rather than theological.

Four Noble Truths (64) Life is Suffering Cause of Suffering = Desire
for Pleasure and Material Gain Renounce Desires if you want to stop suffering. Follow the Eightfold Path Renounce Desires Attain Nirvana

The Eightfold Path (64) RIGHT Views RIGHT Intentions RIGHT Speech
RIGHT Action RIGHT Living RIGHT Effort RIGHT Mindfulness RIGHT Concentration

Nirvana

The Spread of Buddhism

Field Note “Built about 800 CE when Buddhism was diffusing throughout Southeast Asia, Borobudur was abandoned and neglected after the arrivals of Islam and Christianity and lay overgrown until uncovered and restored under Dutch colonial rule from 1907 to The monument consists of a set of intricately carved, walled terraces; the upper terraces are open. In the upper terraces stand six dozen stupas, each containing a sculpture of the Buddha in meditation, visible when you peer through the openings.” Figure 7.9 Borobudur, Indonesia © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 42

Shintoism Shintoism Japan focused on nature and ancestor worship
many Japanese practice both Shintoism and Buddhism

Shinto Shrine In Kyoto, Japan, this Shinto shrine is visible after walking through a torii – a gateway usually formed by two wooden posts and topped by two horizontal beams. When you enter through the gates, it signals you have left the secular and entered the sacred world.

From the Hearth of Huang He (Yellow) River Valley
Taoism – originated in China more than 2500 years ago BCE) * oneness of humanity and nature founder: Lao-Tsu sacred text: “Book of the Way” (Tao Te Ching) social manifestation: Feng Shui - the art and science of organizing living spaces in order to channel life forces that exist in nature in favorable ways. diffusion: East Asia Geomancers  people who know the desires of the powerful spirits of ancestors, dragons, tigers, and other beings occupying the natural world.

Taoism Taoist virtues the best government is the least government.
simplicity spontaneity tenderness tranquility competition, possession, and even pursuit of knowledge are to be avoided. the best government is the least government.

From the Hearth of Huang He (Yellow) River Valley
Confucianism – (blueprint for Chinese civilization) originated in China about 2500 years BCE) * real meaning of life lay in the present * service to one’s fellow humans should supercede service to spirits. founder: Confucius (551 to 479 BCE) sacred text: “Confucian Classics” (Analects) * a collection of Confucius’ writings and sayings diffusion: East Asia, Southeast Asia Mainly a philosophy of life Confucius denied divine ancestry of Chinese rulers, educated the landless and weak, disliked supernatural mysticism, and argued that human virtues and abilities, not heritage, should determine a person’s position and responsibilities in society. EDUCATION was important! Chinese communist government tried to suppress the religion in 1949 from public practice but it survived.

Communist China’s effect on religion
Examples of opposition to government’s anti-religion initiatives burial mounds cremation and columbaria

From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean
Judaism – originated in Southwest Asia about 4000 years ago. * first major monotheistic religion, covenant between God (one God) and Abraham (the chosen people) sacred text: Torah founder: Abraham sacred sites: Jerusalem (Western Wall), land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River social manifestation: Zionism diffusion: into European cities during the diaspora, into N. America during WWII, into Israel over last 50 years Covenant – Jews will worship only one God and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews. One of the world’s most influential religions, even though it only claims 18 million adherents.

Judaism Jews have a turbulent history.
Moses led from Egypt to Canaan, where a split occurred, resulting in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Israel was wiped out immediately by conquering tribes but Judah survived until the Babylonians and Assyrians conquered them. Jews regrouped and took control of Jerusalem but were subsequently conquered by the Romans in 70 CE. diaspora scattered Jews across the globe. Zionism (emerged as a response to persecution) Ideals are rooted in the belief that Jews should not be absorbed into other societies and should have a homeland located in and around Jerusalem Jews did not return to the area of Israel until the late 19th and early 20th century. Known as the diaspora. Jews into Central Europe- Ashkenazim Jews Jews into North Africa and Iberian Peninsula- Sephardim

Judaism Reform- adjust practices to modern times
Reform Judaism is the most liberal expression of modern Judaism. In America, Reform Judaism is organized under the Union for Reform Judaism (formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations), whose mission is "to create and sustain vibrant Jewish congregations wherever Reform Jews live." Today, Reform Jews affirm the central tenets of Judaism - God, Torah, and Israel - while acknowledging a great diversity in Reform Jewish beliefs and practices. Reform Jews are more inclusive than other Jewish movements: women may be rabbis, cantors, and synagogue presidents; interfaith families are accepted; and Reform Jews are "committed to the full participation of gays and lesbians in synagogue life as well as society at large." Orthodox- return to traditional ways Orthodox Jews believe the entire Torah - including "Written," the the Pentateuch, and "Oral," the Talmud) was given to Moses by God at Sinai and remains authoritative for modern life in its entirety. (religionfacts.com) has held fast to such practices as daily worship, dietary laws (kashruth), traditional prayers and ceremonies, regular and intensive study of the Torah, and separation of men and women in the synagogue. It also enjoins strict observance of the sabbath and religious festivals and does not permit instrumental music during communal services (religionfacts.com)

Judaism Conservative- in between Reform and Orthodox
Conservative Judaism (known as Masorti Judaism outside the USA) is a moderate sect that seeks to avoid the extremes of Orthodox and Reform Judaism. Conservative Jews wish to conserve the traditional elements of Judaism while also allowing for reasonable modernization and rabbinical development. Conservative Jews observe the Sabbath and dietary laws, although some modifications have been made to the latter. As in Reform Judaism, women may be rabbis number of studies have shown that there is a large gap between what the Conservative movement teaches and what most of its laypeople have incorporated into their daily lives. Conservative Judaism holds that halakha (Jewish law) is normative, i.e. that it is something that Jewish people must strive to actually live by in their daily lives. This would include the laws of Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath); the laws of kashrut (keeping kosher); the practice of thrice daily prayer; observance of the Jewish holidays and life-cycle events. In practice, the majority of people who have come to join Conservative synagogues only follow all these laws rarely Sources- religionfacts.com Reform jews accept Converts as do Orthodox Jews.

Judaism Hasidic Jews- Hasidic (or Chasidic) Judaism arose in 12th-century Germany as a movement emphasizing asceticism and mystical experience born out of love and humility before God. Hasidic Jews center on a leader called a rebbe or tzaddik, who may or may not be a rabbi. The rebbe is considered especially enlightened and close to God and is looked to for guidance in all aspects of life, from Torah interpretation to choosing a spouse to buying a home. A rebbe's advice is considered absolutely authoritative.

Western Wall, Jerusalem
Sacred to Jews because it is where the Temple Mount stood and is the site of where Abraham almost sacrificed his son Isaac. Jews gather to remember the destruction and offer prayers. For Christians, it is sacred both because of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son and because Jesus was crucified outside the city’s walls. For Muslims, it is important because of the Dome of the Rock, which stands next to the Wailing Wall. It is the site where Mohammed ascended to heaven with the angel Gabriel. Called al-Haram al Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) by the Muslims.

Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republic
Built in 1400s  the last person buried there was in It appears jumbled because people were buried in layers (up to 12)

Christianity – originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 years ago. * monotheistic religion, follow teachings of Jesus to achieve eternal life sacred text: Bible founder: Jesus (son of God) sacred sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem split in the church: * split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 * Protestant sect split off in 1400s and 1500s diffusion: into Western Europe, and then world wide during colonialism and after. Crucifixion of Jesus fulfilled an ancient prophecy and changed the fate of Jesus’ followers- giving them eternal life 1054- split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches (Rome v. Constantinople) **largest and most globally dispersed with 1.5 billion adherents

Roman Catholic Church Claims the most adherents of all the Christian faiths Teaches the infallibility of the pope in interpreting Jesus’ teachings and in navigating the modern world Catholic church peaked in the Middle Ages when the Church controlled sources of knowledge and worked in conjunction with the monarchs

First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Eastern Orthodox

Second split in 1517 w. Martin Luther
and those that protested some practices of the Catholic church = Protestants Protestants splintered into many groups: Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Church of Christ, etc.

Switzerland concentrations of Catholics and Protestants by canton and commune

The Orthodox World Dominate Religion Red More than 10% Orange

Roman Catholic Distribution

The Christian World

Islam – originated on Arabian peninsula about 1500 years ago. * monotheistic religion, revelations Muhammad received from Allah, Five Pillars. sacred text: Qu’ran founder: Muhammad sacred sites: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem split in the church: * shortly after Muhammad’s death, split into Sunni Muslims (great majority) Shi’ite Muslims (concentrated in Iran) diffusion: across Arabian peninsula, across North Africa, into Spain and also east into Southeast Asia Traced back to a single founder, Mohammed, who was born in Mecca. Mohammed received the revelations from Allah, where he spoke the verses of the Koran. Islam recognizes Jesus and Abraham as important prophets but Mohammed is the most important prophet. Earthly matters are profane; only Allah is pure. His will is absolute; he is omnipotent and omniscient. Muslims believe that all humans live in a world that was created for their use but only until the final judgement day.

Five Pillars of Islam Profession of Faith Prayer
There is but one god Allah and Mohammed is his prophet. Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Almsgiving/Charity Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca No alcohol, smoking, or gambling. Mosques are built for observation of Friday prayer and social gatherings.

Split in Islam Two main branches: Sunni (great majority)
believed rightful heir to Mohammed’s caliphate (area of influence) was an unrelated candidate believe in the effectiveness of family and community in solving life’s problems Shi’ite (concentrated in Iran) believed rightful heir was Ali, Mohammed’s son in law 16th century- Iranian (Persian) ruling dynasty made Shi’ite Islam the only legitimate faith of that empire Imam is the sole source of true knowledge (Imams are Shi’ite Muslim leaders whose appointments are regarded as sanctioned by Allah. (believed to be w/o sin and infallible) The veneration of Ali has diffused throughout Sunni Islam and is reflected in the respect all Muslims show to Ali’s descendants, the sayyids of East Africa and the sharifs of North Africa.

The Diffusion of Islam

minaret (for call to prayer) stands on the Sabah State Mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

Diffusion of Islam into Europe large mosque in Paris, France

The Islamic World

Islam – dar al Islam (world of Islam)
; Dar al Garb; Dar al Kufr Dar al Islam (Arabic: دار الإسلا) is the area of the world under the rule of Islam , literally, "the home of Islam" or "the home of submission." This is often used by extremists to include areas that used to be part of the Muslim world such as Al-Andalus (Spain) as well as the Muslim world. It is not a Quranic term or used in the Hadith and it is variously interpreted Moderate Muslims except that Dar al Islam may be any place where Muslims are secure, even if it is a secular society, whereas extremists have a different view. Dar al Islam is defined as opposed to Dar al Harb, the house of war, where it is permitted according to to some to wage Jihad, holy war for Islam. There are also various intermediate areas defined, such as Dar al Hudna, lands outside Islam that are subject to trucial obligations, and Dar al Kufr (the home of the unbelievers), a term specifically used by Muhammad to refer to territories of the Quraish tribe. Dar al-Salam Dar al-Islam is also known and referred to as Dar al-Salam, or house/abode of Peace. The term appears in the Koran in as a name of Paradise.[3] [edit] Dar al-Harb Dar al-Harb (Arabic: دار الحرب "house of war"; also referred to as Dar al-Garb "house of the West" in later Ottoman sources; a person from "Dar al-Harb" is a "harbi" (Arabic:حربي)) is a term classically referring to those countries where the Muslim law is not in force, in the matter of worship and the protection of the faithful and Dhimmis.[4] The term refers to the relationship between an Islamic state and neighboring non-Muslim states with whom it has not signed a peace treaty or pact.[5] In Reliance of the Traveler, point w43.2, a hadith is referred to containing the exact word Dar al-Harb. Scholars have, nevertheless, disagreed on its reliability as is commented in Reliance of the Traveler.[citation needed] [edit] Dar al-Kufr Dar al-Kufr (Arabic: دار الكفر, "house/domain of disbelief") is a term used by Muhammad to refer to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between his flight to Medina and his triumphant return. For much of Islamic history, the preferred term used to describe non-Islamic societies has been dar al-Harb, emphasizing various Islamic countries' aspirations to conquer such territories and render them part of dar al-Islam. A traditional Arabic saying attributed to Muhammad goes: "Unbelief is one community”, or in other words, "infidels are of one nation", expressing the view that distinctions between different types of non-Muslims are insignificant in relation to the overriding distinction between Muslim and non-Muslim.

dar al Islam

Indigenous and Shamanist
Where Did the Major Religions of the World Originate, and How Do Religions Diffuse? Indigenous and Shamanist Indigenous Local in scope Reverence for nature Passed down through tribes Shamanism community beliefs follow the practices and teachings of the shaman © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Field Note: “Arriving at the foot of erosion-carved Uluru just before sunrise it is no surprise that this giant monolith, towering over the Australian desert, is a sacred place to local Aboriginal peoples. Throughout the day, the changing sun angle alters its colors until, toward sunset, it turns a fiery red that yields to a bright orange. At night it looms against the moonlit, starry sky, silent sentinel of the gods. Just two years before this, my first visit in 1987, the Australian government had returned ‘Ayers Rock’ (named by European settlers after a South Australian political leader) to Aboriginal ownership, and reclaimed its original name, Uluru. Visitors continued to be allowed to climb the 1100 feet (335m) to the top, from where the view over the desert is awesome.” Figure 7.18 Uluru, Australia © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 75

Where Did the Major Religions of the World Originate, and How Do Religions Diffuse? The Rise of Secularism indifference to or rejection of organized religious affiliations and idea varies greatly from country to country and within countries. antireligious ideologies can contribute to the decline of organized religions. church membership figures do not accurately reflect active participation. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Migration plays a large role in the diffusion of religions, both universalizing and ethnic. As Europe becomes more secular, migrants from outside of Europe continue to settle in the region. Imagine Europe 30 years from now. Predict where in Europe secularism will be the most prominent and where religious adherence will strengthen. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 77

Key Question7.3 How is religion seen in the cultural landscape? 78
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 78

How Is Religion Seen in the Cultural Landscape?
Sacred sites Places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning Pilgrimage: Adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site Sacred Sites of Jerusalem Sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims Wailing Wall, Temple Mount, Dome of the Rock © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guest Field Note Ardmore, Ireland “At St. Declan’s Holy Well in Ireland, I found a barbed wire fence substituting for the more traditional thorn tree as a place to hang scraps of clothing as offerings. This tradition, which died out long ago in most parts of Continental Europe, was one of many aspects of Irish pilgrimage that led me to speculate on ‘Galway-to-the- Ganges’ survival of very old religious customs on the extreme margins of an ancient Indo-European culture realm. My subsequent fieldwork focused on contemporary European pilgrimage, but my curiosity about the geographical extent of certain ancient pilgrimage themes lingered. While traveling in Asia, I found many similarities among sacred sites across religions. Each religion has formation stories, explanations of how particular sites, whether Buddhist monasteries or Irish wells, were recognized as sacred. Many of these stories have similar elements. And, in 1998, I traveled across Russia from the remote Kamchatka Peninsula to St. Petersburg. Imagine my surprise to find the tradition of hanging rag offerings on trees alive and well all the way across the Russian Far East and Siberia, at least as far as Olkon Island in Lake Baikal.” Credit: Mary Lee Nolan, Oregon State University © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure Jerusalem, Israel. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is sacred to Christians who believe it is the site where Jesus Christ rose from the dead. Inside the church, a Christian worshipper lights a candle at Jesus Christ’s tomb. © Reuters/Corbis Images. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
Jerusalem is sacred to three major religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity Judaism (Western Wall) Islam (Dome of the Rock) Sacred to Jews because it is where the Temple Mount stood and is the site of where Abraham almost sacrificed his son Isaac. Jews gather to remember the destruction and offer prayers. For Christians, it is sacred both because of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son and because Jesus was crucified outside the city’s walls. Church of Holy Sepulchre marks tomb of where Jesus was buried before he rose from the dead. For Muslims, it is important because of the Dome of the Rock, which stands next to the Wailing Wall. It is the site where Mohammed ascended to heaven with the angel Gabriel. Called al-Haram al Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) by the Muslims. Crusades helped to cement protection by Christians of Church of Holy Sepulchre, Jews of the Western Wall, and Muslims of the Dome of the Rock.

Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism
How Is Religion Seen in the Cultural Landscape? Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism temples, shrines holy animals, ritual bathing Buddhism the Bodhi (enlightenment) tree stupus: bell shaped structures that protect burial mounds pagoda cremation in both Hinduism in Buddhism © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sacred Landscapes of Hinduism
Hinduism – pilgrimages follow prescribed routes, and rituals are followed by millions. Varanasi, India on the Ganges River where Hindus perform morning rituals. Hindus believe the erection of a temple will bring merit on the builder so the Hindu cultural landscape is dotted with countless shrines. Temples must be near water because many believe the gods will not venture far from water. Water also has a holy function for ritual bathing. Varanasi  city of Lord Shiva

Sacred Landscapes of Buddhism
Swedogon Pagodo in Yangon, Myanmar Eight hairs of the Buddha are preserved under the dome (chedi) Bodhi tree (tree of enlightenment) Stupas- bell shaped structures that protect burial mounds

Landscapes of Christianity Medieval Europe Cathedral, church, or monastery Burial more commonly practiced Figure 7.25 Bordeaux, France. Built beginning in 1472, St. Michael’s Tower rises over Bordeaux, France, marking the importance of the Catholic Church in Bordeaux’s history and culture. © H. J. de Blij. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sacred Landscapes of Christianity
Protestant Churches This church in Singapore is a Church of England church in city surrounded by Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims

Religious Landscapes in the United States
How Is Religion Seen in the Cultural Landscape? Landscapes of Christianity Religious Landscapes in the United States Zelinsky: Map identifying religious regions of the United States New England: Catholic South: Baptist Upper Midwest: Lutheran Southwest: Spanish Catholic West, Midlands: no dominant denomination © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 7.28 Major Religious Regions of the United States. A generalized map of the religious regions of the United States shows concentrations of the major religions. Adapted with permission from: W. Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States, rev. ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992, p. 96. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Protestant and Catholic Landscapes in the United States
Scandinavian Lutheran Church (on left) St. Mary’s Catholic Church (on right)

Landscapes of Islam Alhambra Palace in Granada Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain Prohibition against depicting the human form Led to calligraphy and geometric design use Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sacred Landscapes of Islam
Muslim mosques Dome of this mosque in Isfahan, Iran demonstrates the importance of geometric art evident in Muslim architecture. Mosque is a town’s most important and most carefully maintained building. Five times every day, from the minaret, that faithful are called to prayer. Islam’s prohibition to depicting the human form led to the use of geometric designs and calligraphy. Muslim architecture represents the unifying concept of Islamic monotheism  the perfection and vastness of Allah.

Choose a pilgrimage site, such as Mecca, Vatican City, or the Western Wall, and describe how the act of pilgrimage (in some cases by millions) alters this place’s cultural landscape and environment. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 95

Conflicts along Religious Borders
What Role Does Religion Play in Political Conflicts? Conflicts along Religious Borders interfaith boundaries: boundaries between the world’s major faiths Ex.: Christian-Muslim boundaries in Africa intrafaith boundaries: boundaries within a single major faith Ex.: Christian Protestants and Catholics, Muslim Sunni and Shi’ite © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interfaith Boundary in Africa

Figure 7.36 The West Bank. Adapted with permission from: C. B. Williams and C. T. Elsworth, The NewYork Times, November 17, 1995, p. A6. © The New York Times. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Landscapes of Settlements Israelis have had a policy of building settlements for Jews in the Occupied Territories

Landscape of the Gaza Strip, 2005 In 2005, the Israeli government pulled out of the Gaza Strip, burning down Jewish settlements and handing control over to Palestinians.

The West Bank with the proposed security wall, parts of which the Israeli government has already built.

What Role Does Religion Play in Political Conflicts?
Israel and Palestine WWII, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, West Bank, Hamas Nigeria Muslim North/Christian South The Former Yugoslavia Balkan Peninsula separates the Roman Catholic Chruch and the Eastern Orthodox Church Northern Ireland Catholics and Protestants in the North © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 7.39 Religious Affiliation in Northern Ireland. Areas of Catholic and Protestant majorities are scattered throughout Northern Ireland. Adapted with permission from: D. G. Pringle,One Island, Two Nations? Letchworth: ResearchStudies Press/Wiley, 1985, p. 21. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Former Yugoslavia genocide ethnic cleansing

Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism
What Role Does Religion Play in Political Conflicts? Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism religious fundamentalism beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromising religious extremism fundamentalism carried to the point of violence fundamentalists can be extremists but this does not mean that all fundamentalists (of any faith) are extremists © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Islamic extremists and jihad an Islamic holy war against the West

Government Impact on Religion
The Soviet Union: had an official policy of atheism discouraged religious practice seized church bells, demolished churches, etc. tolerated Islamic practice among old but not young drew boundaries for political control that separated ethnic groups in small areas Christian Armenia & Shi’ite Muslim Azerbaijan

Armenia and Azerbaijan
Soviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan

What Role Does Religion Play in Political Conflicts?
religious fundamentalism and extremism Christianity traditionalist Catholic Movement Protestant fundamentalism Judaism Orthodox conservatives extremist groups Kach and Kahane Chai Islam jihad: Taliban in Afghanistan © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Boal’s studies in Northern Ireland demonstrate that solving a religious conflict is typically not about theology; it is about identity. You are assigned the potentially Nobel Prize–winning task of “solving” the conflict either in Northern Ireland or in Israel and Palestine. Using Boal’s example, determine how you can alter activity spaces and change identities to create the conditions for long-lasting peace in this conflict zone. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 111

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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