1. Heterotroph Nutrition
Slide #1
All the activities by which an organism obtains and uses food from the environment for growth and repair of cells
Ingestion-take in
Digestion-breakdown
Egestion-removal of waste
Honors quiz: give meal, list enzymes that digest through tract through absorption

2. Amoeba Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid) Ingestion:
Slide #2
Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid)
Ingestion:
Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Digestion:
Egestion:
Exocytosis

3. Pseudo= false and Pod = foot
Types of Ingestion or Endocytosis:
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
Process where cell membrane “pinches in” drawing molecules into the cell forming a pinocytic vesicle
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Process where pseudopods of a cell flow around matter and engulf it forming a food vacuole.
Vesicle/vacuole can fuse with lysosome
Phagocytosis: ameba, white blood cell
Pseudo= false and Pod = foot
Pseudopod = false foot

4. Amoeba
Slide #3
Phagocytosis

5. Phagocytosis
Requires Energy
ATP

6. Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Paramecium
Slide #4
Cilia beat food into oral groove
and gullet forms food vacuole
Ingestion:
Digestion:
Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Egestion:
Waste out anal pore

7. Nutrients
Slide #5
The substances in food that an organism needs and uses for its life functions

8. How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain life activities?????
Slide #6
Function of Nutrients
They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life activities of cells
They supply chemicals needed for growth and repair of cells
They regulate proper functioning of the cell
How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain life activities?????

9. Human Digestive System
Slide #7
Human Digestive System
Alimentary Canal:
(Extra-cellular Digestion)
Tube within a tube body construction
Mouth
Accessory Organs
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Pancreas
Stomach
Liver
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus

10. Human Digestive system
Slide #8
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Mouth
Esophagus
Teeth/Tongue
Liver
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Colon
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus

11. Mechanical Digestion: breaks foods into smaller pieces
Slide #9
Mouth & Pharynx:
Click to enlarge
Mechanical Digestion:
breaks foods into smaller
pieces
- increases surface area
- chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue)
Chemical Digestion:
Saltine cracker demonstration/mini lab. Starch  maltose (enzyme amylase)
- salivary glands release amylase
(starch  maltose)
(works best at pH 8)
Note: Epiglottis covers opening of trachea

12. Which type of digestion is the following?
Slide #10
Chewing a saltine? -
2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? -
3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart?
4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the hamburger into amino acids?
Mechanical
Chemical
Chemical---hydrolysis
Mechanical
Chemical

13. - connects pharynx to stomach - peristalsis
Slide #11
Esophagus:
- connects pharynx to stomach
- peristalsis
(wave of muscular contractions of
alimentary canal)

14. Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach
Slide #12
Stomach:
(holds 2 liters of food)
Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach
Chemical Digestion – glands
Gastric Gland
secretes acidic gastric
juices (pH 2)
contains HCl
contains enzyme pepsin
(proteins  smaller polypeptides)

15. Stomach Factoids What stimulates gastric juice flow? 1) thought,
Slide #13
What stimulates gastric juice flow?
1) thought,
smell,
sight,
and taste
2) food entering the stomach
3) food touching stomach lining
Stomach Factoids
liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes
Still, the epithelium is continually eroded, and the epithelium is
completely replaced by mitosis every three days.
solids pass through in 2-6 hours
Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach
Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting
part of stomach wall

16. Gastric Bypass Surgery
Slide #14
                        
Small Intestine

17. Chemical Digestion (most) Absorption of Nutrients
Slide #15
Small Intestine:
- Length = 6.5 meters
- Diameter = 2.5 cm
- pH 8
Functions:
Chemical Digestion (most)
Absorption of Nutrients
Peristalsis:
moves food through intestine
mixes food with enzymes
mechanical digestion
speeds up absorption

18. Small Intestine
Slide #16
                                                                                

19. Pancreatic juices from pancreas (*enzymes*)
Slide #17
Liver
Gallbladder
Food mixes with:
Bile from liver
Pancreatic juices from pancreas (*enzymes*)
Intestinal juices from intestinal glands (*enzymes*)
Bile:
- produced by liver
- stored in gallbadder
- released into upper small intestine
Break down fat: inc. surface area for lipases
Bile: acts like a soap to break down fat, no enzymes
Function:
Emulsification of fats
(break into droplets)
Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach

20. Small Intestine

21. Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb::
Absorption:
Slide #18
Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb::
simple sugars (glucose)
amino acids
vitamins
minerals

22. Adaptations that increase surface area of intestine: Length
Slide #19
Adaptations that increase surface area of intestine:
Length
(6.5 meters or 21 feet)
Lining has folds
Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining)
Surface area sponge demo
Absorption involves diffusion and active transport

23. Slide #20
Regent’s Practice
The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct through which digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are important to the digestive system because they:
Form proteins needed in the stomach
Form the acids that break down food
Change food substances into molecules that can pass into the bloodstream and cells
Change food materials into wastes that can be passed out of the body.

24. No digestion occurs here Function: Absorption of water
Large Intestine:
Colon
Slide #21
Length = 1.5 meters
Diameter = 6 cm
No digestion occurs here
Function:
Absorption of water
- Diarrhea (too little absorption)
- Constipation (too much absorption)
Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B
Note: Appendix is attached between small and large
intestine (vestigial organ)

25. the quest for Polyps
Slide #22
Colonoscopy:

26. Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_)
Slide #23
Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_)
Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

27. Removal Colon Polyps_)
Slide #24
Removal Colon Polyps_)
You may be more likely to get colon polyps if you:
eat a lot of fatty foods
smoke
drink alcohol
don’t exercise
weigh too much

28. temporary storage of feces (stool)
Rectum:
Slide #25
temporary storage of feces (stool)
feces is primarily undigested material
Anus:
(anal sphincter)
releases waste into environment (egestion/defecate)

29. End Products of Digestion (Hydrolysis)
Slide #26
End Products of Digestion (Hydrolysis)
Proteins 
Carbohydrates 
Lipids 
amino acids
glucose
fatty acids + glycerol

30. Slide #27
Regent’s Practice
Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too A to diffuse into cells. Proteins are digested to B and starches are digested to C.
A. A- large, B-simple sugars, C- amino acids
B. A- small, B-simple sugars, C-amino acids
C. A-large, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars
D. A-small, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars

31. Disorders of the Digestive Tract
Slide #28
3 minute video on digestive disorders
Body Atlas: Digestive Problems

32. Heartburn ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. Slide #29
Cardiac sphincter

33. Constipation To much water is absorbed by the large intestine.
Slide #30
Constipation
To much water is absorbed by the large intestine.
Also can exist due to lack of roughage.
Results in solid/hardened stool

34. Diarrhea Results in an increased watery feces.
Slide #31
Diarrhea
Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine.
Results in an increased watery feces.

35. Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the
Slide #32
An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the
gall bladder.
Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed

36. Nutritional Requirements
Slide #33
Nutritional Requirements
RDA- recommended daily allowance
intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient

37. Slide #34
Nutritional requirements vary with individuals: age sex height weight activities 37

38. Recommended Daily Calories For Men Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity :
Slide #35
5'4
2,548
5'5
2,596
5'6
2,644
5'7
2,692
5'8
2,740
5'9
2,788
5'10
2,836
5'11
2,884
6'0
2,932
6'1
2,980
6'2
3,028
6'3
3,076
6'4
3,124
6'5
3,172
6'6
3,220 38

39. Recommended Daily Calories For Women Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity :
Slide #36
4'11
90-120
2,100
5'0
93-124
2,133
5'1
97-128
2,177
5'2
2,210
5'3
2,254
5'4
2,287
5'5
2,331
5'6
2,364
5'7
2,408
5'8
2,441
5'9
2,485
5'10
2,518
5'10
2,518
5'11
2,562
6'0
2,595
6'1
2,639
6'2
2,672 39

40. Fast Food Nutritional Info
Slide #37
Whopper w.Cheese CAL. Vanilla Shake – small 360 CAL
Super Size Fries CAL
Diet Coke CAL
Supposed to be: CAL 40

41. Fast Food Nutritional Info
Slide #38
Regular Slice Cheese Pizza Cal
Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal
Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL
Supposed to be: CAL 41

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