1. BONES
CHAPTER 7

2. BONE TISSUES OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD
NERVOUS TISSUE

3. SKELETAL SYSTEM
ORGANS:
BONES

4. FUNCTION SUPPORT AND PROTECT MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
STORE INORGANIC SALTS (CALCIUM)

5. BONE CLASSIFICATION LONG BONES SHORT BONES FLAT BONES IRREGUALR BONES
Cube like: width and length similar
FLAT BONES
IRREGUALR BONES
Variety
SESAMOID BONES
Round; Embeded in tendons

6. BONE TYPES

7. SESAMOID BONE

8. Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones
BONE MARKINGS
Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones

9. Bone Markings Two types of bone markings:
Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone
Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

10. Joint Projections
1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle

11. Joint Projections 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

12. Joint Projections
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

13. Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
ULNA

14. 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia

15. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae

16. DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

17. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

18. Depressions
4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum

19. Depressions
6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

20. Review: Projections Condyle Head Facet Ramus Crest Epicondyle Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Depressions
Meatus
Fossa
Fissure
Sinus
Sulcus or Groove or Furrow

21. PREVIOUS SLIDES (8-20) FROM: bruin. eduhsd. k12. ca
PREVIOUS SLIDES (8-20) FROM: bruin.eduhsd.k12.ca.us/Burghardt%20Pages/Anatomy/Skeletal%20PPt/BONE%20MARKINGS.ppt 

22. PARTS OF A LONG BONE

23. MICROSCOPIC BONE PARTS

24. BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT/OSTEOGENESIS
INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES
WITHIN SHEET LIKE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ENDOCHONDRAL BONES
MASSES OF CARTILAGE REPLACED BY BONE TISSUE

25. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES/ INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
MEMBRANE-LIKE LAYERS OF UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE
TISSUE WITH DENSE SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELS
PROGENITOR CELLS ENLARGE AND DIFFERENTIATE INTO BONE
FORMING CELLS: OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY NMATRIX WHICH RESULTS IN
SPONGY BONE
SPONGY BONE MAY FORM COMPACT BONE LATER
ONCE CELL IS COMPLETELY SUROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX
(LACUNAE) IT IS A OSTEOCYTE
PERIOSTEUM FORMS; COMPACT BONE FORMS OUTSIDE OF

26. ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION/ ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
MASS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
CARTILAGE CELLS ENLARGE AND GROW
MATRIX BREAKS DOWN, CELLS DIE AND DEGENERATE
PERIOSTEUM FORMS
BLOOD VESSELS AND PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE CELLS INVADE
FORM OSTEOBLASTS WHICH FORM SPONGY BONE
COMPACT BONE FORMS UNDER PERIOSTEUM
BECOME OSTEOCYTES WHEN SURROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX

27. OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF LONG BONES
PRIMARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS
SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN EPIPHYSIS

28. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE GROWTH
4 LAYERS OF CARTILAGINOUS CELLS
ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE:
NEAR END OF EPIPHYSIS; JUST RESTING CELLS
ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE;
YOUNG MITOTIC CELLS: LENGTHENS PLATE
ZONE OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE:
OLDER CELLS PUSHED OUT, START TO DIE,
OSTEOBLASTS CALCIFIES MATRIX
ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE:
DEAD CELLS & CALCIFIED MATRIX
OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN CALCIFIED MATRIX USING AND ACID TO DISSOLVE INORGANIC PORTIONS AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES TO DIGEST ORGANIC PORTIONS
OSTEOBLASTS INVADE AND LAY DOWN BONY MATRIX
LENGTHENS UNTIL COMPLETELY OSSIFIED
OSTEOBLASTS ON AT PERIOSTEUM THICKEN BONE WHILE OSTEOCLASTS AT ENDOSTEUM FORMING MEDULLARY CAVITY WHICH FILLS WITH MARROW

29. BONE TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS
BONE REMODLEING: OSTEOBLASTS VS. OSTEOCLASTS
OSTEOBLASTS FORM: DEPOSITION
OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN: RESORPTION
3%-5% EXCHANGED PER YEAR BUT USUALLY REMAINS CONSTANT

30. FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH
NUTRITION
SUNLIGHT
HORMONAL SECRETIONS
PHYSICAL EXERCISE

31. NUTRITION VITAMIN D: VITAMIN A: VITAMIN C:
FOR PROPER ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
FROM EGGS AND FORTIFIED MILK, ETC.
FROM DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL: CARRIED TO SKIN WHERE SUN CONVERTS IT TO VITAMIN D
VITAMIN A:
NEEDED BY OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS DURING NORMAL ACTIVITY
VITAMIN C:
NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; OSTEOBLASTS COULDN’T PRODUCE COLLAGEN

32. HORMONAL SECRETIONS HORMONES FROM PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND,
PARATHYROID GLANDS, AND OVARIES OR TESTES
PITUITARY:
GH: STIMULATES CARTILAGE CELLS OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE TO DIVIDE
PITUITARY DWARFISM; PITUITARY GIANTISM/ACROMEGALY
THYROID:
THYROXINE: STIMULATES REPLACEMENT OF CARTILAGE BY OSSEUS TISSUE
STIMULATES OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY
PARATHYROID:
PTH: STIMULATES INCREASE IN NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS
OVARIES/TESTES:
AT PUBERTY: ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE: STIMULATE GROWTH
OSSIFICATION OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE; ESTROGEN IS STRONGER

33. PHYSICAL STRESS
MUSCLE PULLING ON BONE CAUSES STRESS WHICH CAUSES BONE TO GROW AND THICKEN

34. FACTORS AFFECTING REPAIR OF BONE
HOW WIDE GAP IS
CASTS
SCREWS, NAILS, WIRE, RODS
HYBRID FIXATOR
ARMS FASTER THAN LEGS; YOUNGER PEOPLE HEAL FASTER THAN OLDER

35. FRACTURE REPAIR BREAK: BLODD VESSELS RUPTURE: HEMATOMA; INFLAMATION
NEW BLOOD VESSELS DEVELOP FROM PERIOSTEUM
OSTEOBLASTS MIGRATE IN AND DIVIDE
OSTEOCLASTS REMOVE BONE FRAGMENTS AND DEBRIS
FIBROCARTILAGE FILLS GAP: CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS
CALLUS IS REPLACED BY BONE LIKE IN ENDOCHONDRAL
BONE OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY
CALLUS
EXCESS BONE IS GENERALLY PRODUCED: REMOVED BY
OSTEOCLASTS

36. BONE FUNCTION
SHAPE:

37. PROTECTION

38. MOVEMENT

39. LEVERS
CHAPTER 9

40. HEMATOPOIESIS
EMBRYO:
YOLK SAC
LATER:
LIVER AND SPLEEN
BONE MARROW

41. BONE MARROW RED AND YELLOW YELLOW STORES FAT RED
FORMS BLOOD CELLS (HEMOGLOBIN)
LOCATION:
INFANT:
MOST CAVITIES ARE RED
WITH AGE:
MOST REPLACED BY YELLOW
ADULT:
RED IN SPONGY BONE OF:
SKUILL, RIB, STERNUM, CLAVICLES, VERTEBRAE, PELVIC
******IF DEFICIENT SUPPLY SOME YELLOW CAN REVERT TO RED

43. INORGANIC SALT STORAGE
70% OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BY WEIGHT
MOSTLY SMALL CRYSTALS OF HYDROXYAPATITE (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE)
CLACIUM NEEDED FOR: MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION; CLOTTING; MORE!
HOMEOSTASIS!!!
PTH vs. CALCITONIN (CHAPTER 13)
ALSO STORES: MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CARBONATE IONS
ACCUMULATE TOXINS: LEAD, RADIUM, STRONTIUM,

44. SKELETON
206 BONES
EXTRA: WORMIAN, SESAMOID

45. INFANTILE SKULL FONTANELS: SOFT SPOTS MOLDING
CLOSE STARTING AT 2 MONTHS UP TO 2 YEARS
MORE FLEXIBLE: LESS EASILY FRACTURED

46. VERTEBRAL COLUMN TYPES: BREAKFAST-LUNCH-SUPPER CURVATURES: PRIMARY:
AT BIRTH
THORACIC
SACRAL
SECONDARY
CERVICAL?
HOLDING HEAD UP AND SITTING
LUMBAR?
WALKING

47. PELVIC GIRDLE
ILIUM
ISCHIUM
PUBIS

48. LIFE SPAN CHANGES DECREASE IN HEIGHT:
30: 1/16 YEAR; COMPRESSION FRACTURES LATER;
LOSS OF CALCIUM:
WEAKEN; BRITTLE; MORE FRACUTRES
MORE OSTEOCLASTS:
MORE SPACES; THINNNER
LESS PROTEIN:
MORE BRITTLE
LOSS OF BONE MASS: 35

49. LIFE SPAN CHANGES SPONGY BONE AFFECTED FIRST (35) COMPACT (40)
VERTEBRAE, FEMUR; FRACTURES
COMPACT (40)
I/2 THE RATE OF SPONGY; GAPS BETWEEN OSTEONS
BONE LOSS
MEN: SLOW AND STEADY
WOMEN: HORMONE LOSS; AFTER MENOPAUSE: SPONGY LOSS 2-3X FASTER; COMPACT LOSS 3-4X FASTER
BY 70: FEMALES ½ THE BONE OF 20’S; MALES 1/3 LESS

50. LIFE SPAN CHANGES INCREASED FRACTURES HEALING SLOWS, PAIN PERSISTS
PREVENTION:
DON’T FALL
CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
VITAMIN D
AVOID CARBONATED DRINKS (PHOSPHATE)
EXERCISE

51. FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA(FOP)
BONE DISEASES
FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA(FOP)