1. Plant Structure & Function, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Mitochondria, & Chloroplasts

2. Learning Goals
Be able to relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.
2. Be able to explain the interrelationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
3. Be able to identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Be able to connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.
5. Be able to identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis

3. Day 1 Major plant organs & tissues
Functions of major plant organs & tissues

4. Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
Dermal Tissue
Generally a single layer of cells , is considered the "skin" of the plant
Tissue Type: Primarily parenchyma cells
Function: Main role is protection of the plant
Ground Tissue
Makes up the bulk of the plant
Tissue Types: Predominately parenchyma, but collenchyma and schlerenchyma cells are found
Functions: include photosynthesis, storage, and support
Vascular Tissue
Tissue Types: Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, schlerenchyma
Functions: Involved in the transport of water, ions, minerals, and food. Also has a secondary role in support
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5. Plant Growth (Cells Involved)
Plants exhibit a growth pattern called indeterminate growth
The plant retains areas where rapidly dividing, undifferentiated (not distinguished) cells remain all through the life of the plant
These areas are called meristems
Meristematic tissue continues to rapidly divide producing undifferentiated cells which eventually become other types of cells
Plants do not have a pre-programmed body plan
They have constants like leaf shape and branching patterns, but you can never predict where a new branch will come about on a tree...
Plants continue to grow throughout their life

6. Xylem vs. Phloem

7. Xylem vs. Phloem Diagram

8. Cambium
The vascular cambium is a lateral (side-view)meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The source of secondary xylem production and secondary phloem
It is a type of meristem.
Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

10. Plant Basic Structures (Label your Diagram)

11. Plant Root Parts

12. Types of Plant Roots Description
Different types of stems: axis of the plant which grows in the opposite direction from the stem, maintain the plant in place and absorbs nutrients. Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is not possible to determine the primary root. Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem. Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle. Taproot: root that grows vertically into the earth (Starchy, vegetables, etc.)

13. Visualization for Types of Plant Roots

14. Seed
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food.

15. Leaf Tissue

16. Purpose of Guard Cells Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma.
They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

18. Guard Cells found on lower leaf tissue

19. Day 2 & Day 3
Role of ATP in photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.
Relationship between Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Identify reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.

20. ATP Remember from Biochemistry. What is ATP, and what
Remember from Biochemistry. What is ATP, and what
Is it USED for?????
ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE
is used by cells to store and transport
ENERGY
ATP
Image by: Riedell

21. CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY3
____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP = __________________________

22. ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate2
____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS
Adenosine diphosphate
ADP = __________________________

23. ATP releases energy stored in a high energy
ATP releases energy stored
in a high energy
chemical bond by removing the phosphate and
becoming ADP
ATP → ____ + ____ +
ADP

24. The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________
Cells ________ energy by adding the
phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP.
STORE
The energy to do this comes from
____________ like _____________
FOODS
GLUCOSE
It’s like recharging the battery !
ADP + ___ + ________ → ___
ATP

25. Photosynthesis consumed
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
consumed
Product Y
Reaction 1 →
Product → X
Reaction 2 →
A series of reactions linked in this way is
referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway

26. Myth:
Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT
Image from:

27. BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
GREEN plants absorb all wavelengths except green, so that is what is Reflected!
REFLECTED
COLOR
Image modified from:

28. GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________
but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______
the other colors and
leaves usually
look green
ALL THE TIME
hides

29. In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL

30. carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
Then we can see the
carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
HIDDEN

31. There are two types of chlorophyll
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There are two types of chlorophyll
__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
absorbs some
______light and
even more
_________ light.
red
Blue-violet
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red

32. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
GREEN
red

33. SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS
THE BEST
________ and
_______________
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
Blue-violet

34. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS

36. Where do you find the Chloroplast?

37. Chloroplast inside Plant Cell (found in leaf tissue)

38. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water
ATP
NADPH
Light-Independent
Reactions

39. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE
ATP SYNTHASE ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA
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40. ↓ ↓ WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?
It was discovered and named 1st
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
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41. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION
See an animation about the
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

42. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen

43. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
(CH2O)n
Carbon Dioxide
Light-Independent Reactions
CALVIN CYCLE

44. Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
See Calvin cycle animation
Sugars and other compounds

45. CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________
to make __________
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
ENERGY
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE

46. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
slow or stop
Desert plants and conifers
that live in dry conditions
have a waxy coating on
their leaves to prevent
water loss.

47. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
TEMPERATURE
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry out
photosynthesis only occasionally

48. Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins
to unwind or _________ pH
temperature
DENATURE

49. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis

50. Overview of Photosynthesis

51. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

52. Photosynthesis

53. Photosynthesis Animations

54. energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________
This process of releasing the
energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Image by Riedell Image from:

55. The first step in cellular respiration
= __________________
Glycolysis happens in
the ________________
outside the mitochondria
GLYCOLYSIS
CYTOPLASM

56. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
BUT it needs some ____________to get it started.
What molecule do you think is going to
supply the energy do this?
sweet
split apart
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
ENERGY
ATP

57. ____________________ + _______________
GLYCOLYSIS
________ ↓
___________ → → _____________
____________________ + _______________
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVIC ACID
ATP ATP ATP ATP
NADH NADH
2 ATP’s
4 ATP’s
PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________
Net gain of ________ and __________
2 ATP’s NADH

58. REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis
REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next.
OXYGEN

59. Flowchart Cellular Respiration
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

60. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing
KREBS CYCLE
_______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present

61. REMEMBER:
Glycolysis happens in
the ________________
outside the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle happens in
_____________
inside the mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
MATRIX

62. KREBS CYCLE
Kreb’s Cycle PRODUCES: 3 1 1 4

63. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

64. Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the
WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? ET
Glycolysis
KREBS
Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
are located in the
___________________________
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

65. INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CRISTAE MATRIX
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

66. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Electron Transport Chain
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion

67. CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes:
______________________
_______________________
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

68. GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________
into ________________
Produces
_______ __________
CYTOPLASM
outside mitochondria
1 glucose
2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 2 2

69. KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________
Produces:
____ ____
____ ____
MATRIX
inside mitochondria
2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

70. ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________
Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions
donated by _______ and _______
Makes ___________
________ acts a final
electron acceptor to produce ________
cristae (inner membrane of mitochondria)
NADH FADH2
32 (net) ATP
OXYGEN
H2O

71. After Glycolysis what happends when NO Oxygen is Present?

72. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC

73. PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN WITHOUT
2 kinds of fermentation
___________________ & _____________________
WITHOUT
ANAEROBIC
Alcoholic Lactic acid

74. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
CO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread
Alcohol _______________
during cooking
air spaces
evaporates

75. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Happens when
___________ make _______ or
____________ make ______
yeast
beer
bacteria
wine

76. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
muscles
Happens in _____________ during ____________when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
exercise

77. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
NAD+
LACTIC ACID
Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like:
Yogurt, buttermilk,
sauerkraut, pickles, cheese
sour cream, & kimchi
food
beverages

78. Overview of Cellular Respiration

79. Aerobic v. Anaerobic Respiration Animation

80. References
Plus others already cited throughout presentation

81. Strands Touched
SC.912.L Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.
2. SC.912.L Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
3. SC.912.L Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
SC.912.L Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.
5. SC.912.L Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis