1. Chapter 7: Work and Kinetic Energy-1
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework: due Monday, Sept 28, 2009
Chapter 7: 5AE's, 5AF's, Q7, 2, 9, 18, 22
The concept of energy (and the conservation of energy) is one of the most important topics in physics.
Work
Dot products
Energy approach is simpler than Newton’s second law.

2. 1. A woman holds a bowling ball in a fixed position
1. A woman holds a bowling ball in a fixed position. The work she does on the ball
___ 1. depends on the weight of the ball.
___ 2. cannot be calculated without more information.
___ 3. is equal to zero.
2. A man pushes a very heavy load across a horizontal floor. The work done by gravity on the load
___ 1. depends on the weight of the load.

3. 3. When net positive work is done on a particle, its kinetic energy
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains the same.
d. need more information about the way the work was done
4. In a collision between two billiard balls,
a. energy is not conserved if the collision is perfectly elastic.
b. momentum is not conserved if the collision is inelastic.
c. not covered in the reading assignment

4. Work Definition: The work done on an object by an external force is
(as defined by a physicist)
Definition:
The work done on an object by an external force is
- the product of the component of the force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement.

7. How much work is done when just holding up an object?

8. How much work is done when the displacement is perpendicular to the force?

9. - the sum of the work done by all forces - or:
F = 10 N
What is the work done by
the gravitational force
the normal force
the force F
when the block is displaced along the horizontal.
q = 60°
d = 10m
The total work is:
- the sum of the work done by all forces
- or:

10. What is the work done when lifting?
By the gravitational force?
By the applied force?
Strongest man lifting 140 kg boulder by 1 m.
Sign convention:
W is positive:
If F and d are parallel
If energy is transferred into the system
If F and d are antiparallel
If energy is transferred out of the system

12. Work is a scalar quantitiy. (not a vector)
Work has units of
newton·meter (N·m) = the joule (J)

13. Black board example 7.5
A man loads a refrigerator onto a truck using a ramp. Ignore friction.
He claims he would be doing less work if the length of the ramp would be longer. Is this true?

15. Black board example 7.1
500 N
A donkey is pulling a cart with a force of magnitude F = 500 N at an angle of 30º with the horizontal.
Calculate the work done by the donkey as the cart is pulled for one mile (1648 m).

16. Definition of dot product and work
Work is the scalar product (or dot product) of the force F and the displacement d.
F and d are vectors
W is a scalar quantity

17. Scalar product between vector A and B
Definition:
Scalar product is commutative:
Distributive law of multiplication:

18. Scalar Product using unit vectors:
We have the vectors A and B:
Then:

19. Black board example 7.2
A particle moving in the x-y plane undergoes a displacement d = (2.0i + 3.0j) m at a constant force F = (5.0i + 2.0j) N acts on the particle. Calculate
The magnitude of the displacement and the force.
The work done by F.
The angle between F and d.

23. 1. The gravitational potential energy of a particle at a height z above Earth’s surface
___ 1. depends on the height z.
___ 2. depends on the path taken to bring the particle to z.
___ 3. both 1 and 2.
___ 4. is not covered in the reading assignment.
2. Which of the following is not a conservative force?
___ 1. the force exerted by a spring on a particle in one dimension
___ 2. the force of friction
___ 3. the force of gravity
___ 4. not covered in the reading assignment
3. Which of the following was not discussed in the reading assignment?
___ 1. conservation of non-conservative forces
___ 2. block and tackle
___ 3. work
___ 4. all of the above were discussed

24. Black board example 7.2
A particle moving in the x-y plane undergoes a displacement d = (2.0i + 3.0j) m at a constant force F = (5.0i + 2.0j) N acts on the particle. Calculate
The magnitude of the displacement and the force.
The work done by F.
The angle between F and d.

25. What if the force varies? We have to integrate the force along x
Work done by a varying force:
Thus, the work is equal to the area under the F(x) vs. x curve.

26. Black board example 7.3
A force acting on a particle varies as shown in the Figure.
What is the total work done on the particle as it is moved from x = 0 to x = 8 m?
Hint: It is the area under the curve.

27. Hooke’s law: Consider a spring
(Force required to stretch or compress a spring by x):
k is the spring constant of a spring.
Stiff springs have a large k value.

28. Work done by a spring xi xf

29. A spring-loaded toy dart gun is used to shoot
a dart straight up in the air, and the dart
reaches a maximum height of 24 m.The same
dart is shot straight up a second time from
the same gun, but this time the spring is compressed
only half as far before firing. How
far up does the dart go this time, neglecting
friction and assuming an ideal spring?
1. 96 m
2. 48 m
3. 24 m
4. 12 m
5. 6 m
6. 3 m
7. impossible to determine

30. Black board example 7.3
A kg mass is hung from a spring extending the spring by a distance x = 0.2 m
What is the spring constant of the spring?
How much work was done on the mass by the gravitational force
How much work was done on the mass by the spring force?

31. The kinetic energy of a particle is:

32. A bullet of mass m = 0.020 kg moves at 500 m/s.
A truck of mass m = 1000 kg moves at 5 m/s
Which has more kinetic energy?

33. Work due to friction
If friction is involved in moving objects, work has to be done against the kinetic frictional force.
This work is:

34. A cart on an air track is moving at 0.5 m/s
when the air is suddenly turned off. The cart
comes to rest after traveling 1m. The experiment
is repeated, but now the cart is moving
at 1 m/s when the air is turned off. How far
does the cart travel before coming to rest?
1. 1 m
2. 2 m
3. 3 m
4. 4 m
5. 5 m
6. impossible to determine

35. Black board example 7.4
Angus is pulling a 10,000 kg truck with all his might (2000N) on a frictionless surface for 10.0 m.
How much work is the man doing?
What is the speed of the truck after 10 m.
What is the speed of the truck after 10 m if there is friction?
(friction coefficient: )

36. Power Power is the rate at which work is done: Average power:
(work done per time interval Dt)

37. The power can also be expressed as:
(Dot product)
The units of power are joule/sec (J/s) = watt (W)

38. Black board example 7.7
An elevator having a total mass of 3000 kg moves upward against the gravitational force at a constant speed of 9.13 m/s.
What is the power delivered by the motor?

40. Chapter 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy part 1 (finish Chp7)
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework : due Monday, October 5, 2009
Problems: Chapter 8 33, 36, 37, 58, 65
Bonus: 48, 64, 37
One form of energy can be converted into another form of energy.
Conservative and non-conservative forces
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

41. 1. Suppose you know the potential energy function corresponding to a force. Is it always possible to calculate the force?
___ 1. yes
___ 2. only if the force is nonconservative
___ 3. not covered in the reading assignment
2. The potential energy of a spring is
___ 1. proportional to the amount the spring is stretched.
___ 2. proportional to the square of the amount the spring is stretched.
___ 3. not yet covered in any reading assignment.
3. A car slows down as a result of air friction. Which is true?
___ 1. The car’s kinetic energy decreases.
___ 2. Heat is generated.
___ 3. The energy of the car/road/air system is constant.
___ 4. all of the above
___ 5. none of the above

42. Potential energy U:
Can be thought of as stored energy that can either do work or be converted to kinetic energy.
When work gets done on an object, its potential and/or kinetic energy increases.
There are different types of potential energy:
Gravitational energy
Elastic potential energy (energy in an stretched spring)
Others (magnetic, electric, chemical, …)

43. Conservative and non-conservative forces
Work is independent of the path taken.
Work depends only on the final and initial point.
Work done is zero if the path is a closed loop (same beginning and ending points.)
We can always associate a potential energy with conservative forces.
We can only associate a potential energy with conservative forces.
Work done by a conservative force: Wc = Ui – Uf = - DU
Examples of conservative forces:
_____________________________________________

44. Conservative forces and potential energy
The work done by a conservative force equals the negative of the change in potential energy associated with that force.
Any conservative force acting on an object within a system equals the negative derivative of the potential energy of the system with respect to x.

45. Conservative and non-conservative forces
A force is non-conservative if it causes a change in mechanical energy; mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy.
Example: Frictional force.
This energy cannot be converted back into other forms of energy (irreversible).
Work does depend on path.
Sliding a book on a table

46. Gravitational potential energy:
- Potential energy only depends on y (height) and not on x (lateral distance)

47. A 0.1 kg apple, which is hanging 1 m above your head, drops on you.
Black board example 8.1
You are 1.80 m tall.
A 0.1 kg apple, which is hanging 1 m above your head, drops on you.
What is the difference in gravitational potential energy when it hangs and when it hits you?
How much gravitational potential energy does it loose?
1 m

48. Work done by/on a spring:xi xf
Elastic potential energy stored in a spring:
The spring is stretched or compresses from its equilibrium position by x

49. Review Important energy formulas:
Work:
Forms of energy:

50. Demo example (conversion of energy):
(ballistic pendulum)
Conversion of:
Elastic potential energy
into kinetic energy
into gravitational potential energy

51. Black board example 8.2 A mass m is bobbing up and down on a spring.
Describe the various forms of energy of this system.
At the highest point
At the point where the kinetic energy is highest
At the lowest point

52. Black board example 8.3
Three balls are thrown from the top of a building, all with the same initial speed.
The first is thrown horizontally, the second with some angle above the horizontal and the third with some angle below the horizontal.
Describe the motion of the balls.
Rank the speed of the balls as they hit the ground.

53. Black board example 8.5 Nose crusher?
A bowling ball of mass m is suspended from the ceiling by a cord of length L. The ball is released from rest when the cord makes an angle qA with the vertical.
Find the speed of the ball at the lowest point B.
Assume a cord length L = 5m and an angle qA = 20°.
The ball swings back. Will it crush the operator’s nose?

54. Reading potential energy curves
Remember:

55. Black board example 8.6
During a rock slide, a 520 kg rock slides from rest down a hillside that is 500 m long and 300 m high. The coefficient of friction between the rock and the hillside is 0.25.
What is the gravitational potential energy of the rock before the slide?
How much energy is transferred into thermal energy during the slide?
What is the kinetic energy of the rock as it reaches the bottom of the hill?

56. Chapter 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy part 2
Reading assignment: Chapter 9
Homework : (due Wednesday, Oct. 7, 2009):
Problems: 10AE's, Q2, 3, 6, 19, 20
One form of energy can be converted into another form of energy.
Conservative and non-conservative forces
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

57. (b) Can it have gravitational potential energy and not kinetic energy?
(a) Can an object-Earth system have kinetic energy and not gravitational potential energy?
Yes No
(b) Can it have gravitational potential energy and not kinetic energy?
(c) Can it have both types of energy at the same moment?
(d) Can it have neither?
All Yes

58. a) Most of it went into sound.
1) A ball of clay falls freely to the hard floor. It does not bounce noticeably, but very quickly comes to rest. What then has happened to the energy the ball had while it was falling?
a) Most of it went into sound.
b) It has been transformed back into potential energy.
c) It is in the ball and floor as energy of invisible molecular motion.
d) It has been used up in producing the downward motion.
e) It has been transferred into the ball by heat.
2) You hold a slingshot at arm's length, pull the light elastic band back to your chin, and release it to launch a pebble horizontally with speed 100 cm/s. With the same procedure, you fire a bean with speed 500 cm/s. What is the ratio of the mass of the bean to the mass of the pebble (bean/pebble)?
a) 1/5
b) 1/√5
c) 1
d) √5
e) 5 C,

59. Conservation of mechanical energy
If we deal only with conservative forces and
If we deal with an isolated system (no energy added or removed):
The total mechanical energy of a system remains constant!!!!
E… total energy
K… Kinetic energy
U… potential energy
The final and initial energy of a system remain the same: Ei = Ef
Thus:

60. Work due to friction
If friction is involved in moving objects, work has to be done against the kinetic frictional force.
This work is:

61. Work done by non-conservative forces
1. Work done by an applied force.
(System is not isolated)
An applied force can transfer energy into or out of the system.
Example. Applying a force to an object and lifting increases the energy of the object.

62. Work done by non-conservative forces
2. Situations involving kinetic friction.
(Friction is not a conservative force).
Kinetic friction is an example of a non-conservative force.
If an object moves over a surface through a distance d, and it experiences a kinetic frictional force of fk it is loosing kinetic energy
Thus, the mechanical energy (E = U + K) of the system is reduced by this amount.

63. Black board example 8.4
HW 12
A frictionless roller coaster with an initial speed of v0 = m/s, at the initial height h = m, has a mass m = kg
What is the speed at point A?
What is the speed at point B
How high will it move up on the last hill?

64. c) 1: the energy is the same d) 3 e) 9
3) A pile driver is a device used to drive posts into the Earth by repeatedly dropping a heavy object on them. Assume the object is dropped from the same height each time. By what factor does the energy of the pile driver-Earth system change when the mass of the object being dropped is tripled?
a) 1/9
b) 1/3
c) 1: the energy is the same
d) 3
e) 9 d

65. A curving children's slide is installed next to a backyard swimming pool. Two children climb to a platform at the top of the slide. The smaller child hops off to jump straight down into the pool and the larger child releases herself at the top of the frictionless slide.
(4) Upon reaching the water, how does the kinetic energy of the larger child compare to that of the smaller child?
a) greater than
b) equal to
c) less than
(5) Upon reaching the water, how does the speed of the larger child compare to that of the smaller child?
a) equal to
b) less than
c) greater than
(6) During the motions from the platform to the water, how does the acceleration of the larger child compare to that of the smaller child?

66. Black board example 8.7
A 3.5 kg block is accelerated by a compressed spring whose spring constant is 640 N/m. After leaving the spring at the spring’s relaxed length, the block travels over a horizontal surface with a frictional coefficient mk = 0.25 for a distance of 7.8 m.
What is the increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system?
What is the maximum kinetic energy of the block?
Through what distance was the spring compressed initially (before the block moved)?

67. Suppose you drop a 1-kg rock from a height of 5 m above the ground
Suppose you drop a 1-kg rock from a height of 5 m above the ground. When it hits, how much force does the rock exert on the ground? N
2. 5 N
3. 50 N N
5. impossible to determine

68. Chapter 9: Linear Momentum & Collisions
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework : (due Saturday, Oct. 10, 2009):
Problems: Chapter 9: 5AF's, Q11, 28, 32, 40, 68, 69
Center of mass
Momentum
Momentum is conserved

69. 1. The impulse delivered to a body by a force is
___ 1. defined only for interactions of short duration.
___ 2. equal to the change in momentum of the body.
___ 3. equal to the area under an F vs. x graph.
___ 4. defined only for elastic collisions.
2. In an elastic collision
___ 1. energy is conserved.
___ 2. momentum is conserved.
___ 3. the magnitude of the relative velocity is conserved.
___ 4. all of the above
3. In an inelastic collision
___ 1. both energy and momentum are conserved.
___ 2. energy is conserved.
___ 3. momentum is conserved.
___ 4. neither is conserved.

70. 4. In two-dimensional elastic collisions, the conservation laws
___ 1. allow us to determine the final motion.
___ 2. place restrictions on possible final motions.
___ 3. do not allow us to say anything about the final motion.
___ 4. are not covered in the reading assignment.

71. Suppose you drop a 1-kg rock from a height of 5 m above the ground
Suppose you drop a 1-kg rock from a height of 5 m above the ground. When it hits, how much force does the rock exert on the ground? N
2. 5 N
3. 50 N N
5. impossible to determine

72. Center of mass Black board example 9.1
Center of mass for many particles:
Black board example 9.1
Where is the center of mass of the arrangement of particles below. (m3 = 2 kg and m1 = m2 = 1 kg)?

73. A method for finding the center of mass of any object.
Hang object from two or more points.
Draw extension of suspension line.
Center of mass is at intercept of these lines.

74. Center of mass of a solid body (uniform density)

75. Black board example 9.2
A uniform square plate 6 m on a side has had a square piece 2 m on a side cut out of it. The center of that piece is at x = 2 m, y = 0. The center of the square plate is at x = y = 0. Find the coordinates of the center of mass of the remaining piece.

76. Motion of a System of Particles.
Newton’s second law for a System of Particles
The center of mass of a system of particles (combined mass M) moves like one equivalent particle of mass M would move under the influence of an external force.

77. A rocket is shot up in the air and explodes.
Describe the motion of the center of mass before and after the explosion.

78. Linear Momentum
The linear momentum of a particle of mass m and velocity v is defined as
The linear momentum is a vector quantity.
It’s direction is along v.
The components of the momentum of a particle:

79. From Newton’s second law:
The time rate of change in linear momentum is equal to the net forces acting on the particle.
This is also true for a system of particles:
Total momentum = Total mass ·velocity of center of mass
And: Net external force = rate of change in momentum of the center of mass

80. Conservation of linear momentum
Thus:
If no external force is acting on a particle, it’s momentum is conserved.
This is also true for a system of particles:
If no external forces interact with a system of particles the total momentum of the system remains constant.

81. Suppose you are on a cart, initially at rest on
a track with very little friction. You throw
balls at a partition that is rigidly mounted on
the cart. If the balls bounce straight back as
shown in the figure, is the cart put in motion?
1. Yes, it moves to the right.
2. Yes, it moves to the left.
3. No, it remains in place.

82. Black board example 9.3
You (100kg) and your skinny friend (50.0 kg) stand face-to-face on a frictionless, frozen pond. You push off each other. You move backwards with a speed of 5.00 m/s.
What is the total momentum of the you-and-your-friend system?
What is your momentum after you pushed off?
What is your friends speed after you pushed off?

83. Chapter 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework #16 : (due Monday, Oct. 10, 2005):
Problems: Q1, Q14, 9, 14, 21, 28
Momentum
Momentum is conserved – even in collisions with energy loss due to friction/deformation.
Impulse

84. 1) If two objects collide and one is initially at rest, is it possible for both to be at rest after the collision?
A) yes
B) no
2) Is it possible for one to be at rest after the collision?

85. Elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension
Momentum is conserved in any collision, elastic and inelastic.
Kinetic Energy is only conserved in elastic collisions.
Perfectly inelastic collision: After colliding, particles stick together. There is a loss of kinetic energy (deformation).
Inelastic collisions: Particles bounce off each with some loss of kinetic energy.
Perfectly elastic collision: Particles bounce off each other without loss of kinetic energy.

86. Perfectly inelastic collision of two particles
(Particles stick together)
Notice that p and v are vectors and, thus have a direction (+/-)
There is a loss in kinetic energy, Eloss

87. Elastic collision of two particles
(Particles bounce off each other without loss of energy.
Momentum is conserved:
Energy is conserved:

88. For elastic collisions in one dimension:
Suppose we know the initial masses and velocities.
Then:
(9.21)
(9.22)

89. Black board example 9.2
Two carts collide elastically on a frictionless track. The first cart (m1 = 1kg) has a velocity in the positive x-direction of 2 m/s; the other cart (m = 0.5 kg) has velocity in the negative x-direction of 5 m/s.
Find the speed of both carts after the collision.
What is the speed if the collision is inelastic?
How much energy is lost in the inelastic collision?

90. Two-dimensional collisions (Two particles)
Conservation of momentum:
Split into components:
If the collision is elastic, we can also use conservation of energy.

91. Black board example 9.3
Accident investigation. Two automobiles of equal mass approach an intersection. One vehicle is traveling towards the east with 29 mi/h (13.0 m/s) and the other is traveling north with unknown speed. The vehicles collide in the intersection and stick together, leaving skid marks at an angle of 55º north of east. The second driver claims he was driving below the speed limit of 35 mi/h (15.6 m/s).
13.0 m/s
??? m/s
Is he telling the truth?
What is the speed of the “combined vehicles” right after the collision?
How long are the skid marks (mk = 0.5)

92. If ball 1 in the arrangement shown here is
pulled back and then let go, ball 5 bounces
forward. If balls 1 and 2 are pulled back and
released, balls 4 and 5 bounce forward, and
so on. The number of balls bouncing on each
side is equal because
1. of conservation of momentum.
2. the collisions are all elastic.
3. neither of the above

94. Impulse (change in momentum)
A change in momentum is called “impulse”:
During a collision, a force F acts on an object, thus causing a change in momentum of the object:
For a constant (average) force:
Think of hitting a soccer ball: A force F acting over a time Dt causes a change Dp in the momentum (velocity) of the ball.

95. Black board example 10.1
A soccer player hits a ball (mass m = 440 g) coming at him with a velocity of 20 m/s. After it was hit, the ball travels in the opposite direction with a velocity of 30 m/s.
What impulse acts on the ball while it is in contact with the foot?
The impact time is 0.1s. What is the force acting on the ball?

96. Chapter 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework #16 : (due Monday, Oct. 10, 2005):
Problems: Q1, Q14, 9, 14, 21, 28
Momentum
Momentum is conserved – even in collisions with energy loss due to friction/deformation.
Impulse

97. 1) If two objects collide and one is initially at rest, is it possible for both to be at rest after the collision?
A) yes
B) no
2) Is it possible for one to be at rest after the collision?

98. Elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension
Momentum is conserved in any collision, elastic and inelastic.
Kinetic Energy is only conserved in elastic collisions.
Perfectly inelastic collision: After colliding, particles stick together. There is a loss of kinetic energy (deformation).
Inelastic collisions: Particles bounce off each with some loss of kinetic energy.
Perfectly elastic collision: Particles bounce off each other without loss of kinetic energy.

99. Perfectly inelastic collision of two particles
(Particles stick together)
Notice that p and v are vectors and, thus have a direction (+/-)
There is a loss in kinetic energy, Eloss

100. 2. The two carts are identical. 3. Cart B is hollow.
You are given two carts, A and B. They look identical, and you are told that they are made of the same material. You place A at rest on an air track and give B a constant velocity directed to the right so that it collides with A. After the collision, both carts move to the right, the velocity of B being smaller than what it was before the collision. What
do you conclude?
1. Cart A is hollow.
2. The two carts are identical.
3. Cart B is hollow.
4. need more information 1

101. A car accelerates from rest. In doing so the
car gains a certain amount of momentum
and Earth gains
1. more momentum.
2. the same amount of momentum.
3. less momentum.
4. The answer depends on the interaction
between the two. 2

102. A car accelerates from rest. It gains a certain
amount of kinetic energy and Earth
1. gains more kinetic energy.
2. gains the same amount of kinetic energy.
3. gains less kinetic energy.
4. loses kinetic energy as the car gains it. 3

103. Suppose the entire population of the world gathers in one spot and, at the sounding of a prearranged signal, everyone jumps up. While all the people are in the air, does Earth gain momentum in the opposite direction?
1. No; the inertial mass of Earth is so large that the planet’s change in motion is zero.
2. Yes; because of its much larger inertial mass, however, the change in momentum of Earth is much less than that of all the jumping people.
3. Yes; Earth recoils, like a rifle firing a bullet, with a change in momentum equal to and opposite that of the people.
4. It depends. 3

104. second later,5 billion people land back on the
Suppose the entire population of the world gathers in one spot and, at the sound of a prearranged signal, everyone jumps up. About a
second later,5 billion people land back on the
ground. After the people have landed, Earth’s
momentum is
1. the same as what it was before the people
jumped.
2. different from what it was before the people jumped. 1

105. Suppose rain falls vertically into an open
cart rolling along a straight horizontal track
with negligible friction. As a result of the
accumulating water, the speed of the cart
1. increases.
2. does not change.
3. decreases. 3

106. Suppose rain falls vertically into an open cart rolling along a straight horizontal track with negligible friction. As a result of the accumulating water, the kinetic energy of the cart
1. increases.
2. does not change.
3. decreases. 3

107. Consider these situations:
(i) a ball moving at speed v is brought to rest;
(ii) the same ball is projected from rest so that it moves at speed v;
(iii) the same ball moving at speed v is brought to rest and then projected backward to its original speed.
In which case(s) does the ball undergo the largest change in momentum?
1. (i)
2. (i) and (ii)
3. (ii)
4. (ii) and (iii)
5. (iii) 5

108. Consider two carts, of masses m and 2m, at
rest on an air track. If you push first one cart
for 3 s and then the other for the same length
of time, exerting equal force on each, the
momentum of the light cart is
1. four times
2. twice
3. equal to
4. one-half
5. one-quarter
the momentum of the heavy cart.

109. Consider two carts, of masses m and 2m, at
rest on an air track. If you push first one cart
for 3 s and then the other for the same length
of time, exerting equal force on each, the kinetic
energy of the light cart is
1. larger than
2. equal to
3. smaller than
the kinetic energy of the heavy car.

110. Suppose a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball
are rolling toward you. Both have the same
momentum, and you exert the same force to
stop each. How do the time intervals to stop
them compare?
1. It takes less time to stop the ping-pong ball.
2. Both take the same time.
3. It takes more time to stop the ping-pong
ball.

111. Suppose a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball
are rolling toward you. Both have the same
momentum, and you exert the same force to
stop each. How do the distances needed to
stop them compare?
1. It takes a shorter distance to stop the ping-pong ball.
2. Both take the same distance.
3. It takes a longer distance to stop the ping-pong ball.

112. A cart moving at speed v collides with an
identical stationary cart on an airtrack, and
the two stick together after the collision. What
is their velocity after colliding?
1. v v
3. zero
4. –0.5 v
5. –v
6. need more information

113. A person attempts to knock down a large
wooden bowling pin by throwing a ball at it.
The person has two balls of equal size and
mass, one made of rubber and the other of
putty. The rubber ball bounces back, while the
ball of putty sticks to the pin. Which ball is
most likely to topple the bowling pin?
1. the rubber ball
2. the ball of putty
3. makes no difference
4. need more information

114. Think fast! You’ve just driven around a curve
in a narrow, one-way street at 25 mph when
you notice a car identical to yours coming
straight toward you at 25 mph. You have only
two options: hitting the other car head on or
swerving into a massive concrete wall, also
head on. In the split second before the impact,
you decide to
1. hit the other car.
2. hit the wall.
3. hit either one—it makes no difference.
4. consult your lecture notes.

115. If all three collisions in the figure shown
here are totally inelastic, which bring(s) the
car on the left to a halt?
1. I
2. II
3. III
4. I, II
5. I, III
6. II, III
7. all three

116. If all three collisions in the figure shown
are totally inelastic, which cause(s) the
most damage?
1. I
2. II
3. III
4. I, II
5. I, III
6. II, III
7. all three

117. A golf ball is fired at a bowling ball initially
at rest and bounces back elastically. Compared
to the bowling ball, the golf ball after
the collision has
1. more momentum but less kinetic energy.
2. more momentum and more kinetic energy.
3. less momentum and less kinetic energy.
4. less momentum but more kinetic energy.
5. none of the above

118. A golf ball is fired at a bowling ball initially
at rest and sticks to it. Compared to the bowling
ball, the golf ball after the collision has
1. more momentum but less kinetic energy.
2. more momentum and more kinetic energy.
3. less momentum and less kinetic energy.
4. less momentum but more kinetic energy.
5. none of the above

119. Suppose you are on a cart, initially at rest on
a track with very little friction. You throw
balls at a partition that is rigidly mounted on
the cart. If the balls bounce straight back as
shown in the figure, is the cart put in motion?
1. Yes, it moves to the right.
2. Yes, it moves to the left.
3. No, it remains in place.

120. A compact car and a large truck collide head
on and stick together. Which undergoes the
larger momentum change?
1. car
2. truck
3. The momentum change is the same for both vehicles.
4. Can’t tell without knowing the final velocity
of combined mass.

121. A compact car and a large truck collide
head on and stick together. Which vehicle
undergoes the larger acceleration during
the collision?
1. car
2. truck
3. Both experience the same acceleration.
4. Can’t tell without knowing the final velocity of combined mass.

122. Is it possible for a stationary object that is
struck by a moving object to have a larger
final momentum than the initial momentum
of the incoming object?
1. Yes.
2. No because such an occurrence would
violate the law of conservation of momentum.

123. Two carts of identical inertial mass are put back-to-back on a track
Two carts of identical inertial mass are put back-to-back on a track. Cart A has a spring loaded piston; cart B is entirely passive. When the piston is released, it pushes against cart B, and
1. A is put in motion but B remains at rest.
2. both carts are set into motion, with A gaining more speed than B.
3. both carts gain equal speed but in opposite directions.
4. both carts are set into motion, with B gaining more speed than A.
5. B is put in motion but A remains at rest.

124. Two carts are put back-to-back on a track.
Cart A has a spring-loaded piston; cart B,
which has twice the inertial mass of cart A, is
entirely passive. When the piston is released,
it pushes against cart B, and the carts move
apart. How do the magnitudes of the final
momenta and kinetic energies compare?
1. pA > pB, kA > kB
2. pA > pB, kA = kB
3. pA > pB, kA < kB
4. pA = pB, kA > kB
5. pA = pB, kA = kB
6. pA = pB, kA < kB
7. pA < pB, kA > kB
8. pA < pB, kA = kB
9. pA < pB, kA < kB

125. Two carts are put back-to-back on a track.
Cart A has a spring-loaded piston; cart B,
which has twice the inertial mass of cart A,
is entirely passive. When the piston is released,
it pushes against cart B, and the carts
move apart. Ignoring signs, while the piston
is pushing,
1. A has a larger acceleration than B.
2. the two have the same acceleration.
3. B has a larger acceleration than A.

126. Two people on roller blades throw a ball back
and forth. Which statement(s) is/are true?
A. The interaction mediated by the ball is
repulsive.
B. If we film the action and play the movie
backward, the interaction appears attractive.
C. The total momentum of the two people
is conserved.
D. The total energy of the two people is
conserved.
What about the conservation laws? The ball carries both momentum and energy back and forth between the two roller-bladers. Their momentum and energy therefore cannot be conserved.

127. In the following figure, a 10-kg weight is suspended from the ceiling by a spring. The weight-spring system is at equilibrium with the bottom of the weight about 1 m above the floor. The spring is then stretched until the weight is just above the eggs. When the spring is released, the weight is pulled up by the contracting spring and then falls back down under the influence of gravity. On the way down, it
1. reverses its direction of travel well above the eggs.
2. reverses its direction of travel precisely as it reaches the eggs.
3. makes a mess as it crashes into the eggs.

128. In part (a) of the figure, an air track cart attached
to a spring rests on the track at the position xequilibrium and the spring is relaxed. In (b), the cart is pulled to the position xstart and released. It then oscillates about
xequilibrium.
Which graph correctly represents the potential energy of the spring as a function of the
position of the cart?

129. Chapter 10:Rotation of a rigid object about a fixed axis Part 1
Reading assignment: Chapter (know concept of moment of inertia, don’t worry about integral calculation)
Homework : (due Wednesday, Oct. 14, 2009):
Chapter 10: Q23, 35, 48, 57, 80
Rotational motion,
Angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration
Rotational energy
Moment of Inertia (Rotational inertia)
Torque
For every rotational quantity, there is a linear analog.

130. 1. The center of mass of a rigid object of arbitrary shape
___ 1. is always inside the object.
___ 2. can lie outside the object.
___ 3. depends on the motion of the object.
___ 4. depends on the frame of reference of the object.
2. Compared with the kinetic energy of its center of mass (CM), the total kinetic energy of a system is
___ 1. always less than the kinetic energy of the CM.
___ 2. always equal to the kinetic energy of the CM.
___ 3. greater than or equal to the kinetic energy of the CM.
___ 4. depends on the particular system
3. A rocket is propelled forward by ejecting gas at high speed. The forward motion is a consequence of
___ 1. conservation of energy.
___ 2. conservation of momentum.
___ 3. both of the above.
___ 4. neither of the above.

131. Rotational motion Look at one point P: Arc length s:
Thus, the angular position is:
Planar, rigid object rotating about origin O.
q is measured in degrees or radians (more common)

132. s = r r
One radian is the angle subtended by an arc length equal to the radius of the arc. q
For full circle:
Full circle has an angle of 2p radians,
Thus, one radian is 360°/2p = 57.3
Radian degrees
2p 360°
p 180°
p/2 90°
1 57.3°

133. Define quantities for circular motion
(note analogies to linear motion!!)
Angular displacement:
Average angular speed:
Instantaneous angular speed:
Average angular acceleration:
Instantaneous angular acceleration:

134. A ladybug sits at the outer edge of a merry-go-
round, and a gentleman bug sits halfway
between her and the axis of rotation. The
merry-go-round makes a complete revolution
once each second. The gentleman bug’s
angular speed is
1. half the ladybug’s.
2. the same as the ladybug’s.
3. twice the ladybug’s.
4. impossible to determine 2

135. Angular quantities are vectors
Angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum, torque.
Right-hand rule for determining the direction of this vector.
Every particle (of a rigid object):
rotates through the same angle,
has the same angular velocity,
has the same angular acceleration.
q, w, a characterize rotational motion of entire object

136. A ladybug sits at the outer edge of a merry-go-
round, that is turning and slowing down.
At the instant shown in the figure, the radial
component of the ladybug’s (Cartesian)
acceleration is
1. in the +x direction.
2. in the –x direction.
3. in the +y direction.
4. in the –y direction. 2

137. A ladybug sits at the outer edge of a merry-go-
round, that is turning and slowing down.
At the instant shown in the figure, the radial
component of the ladybug’s (Cartesian)
acceleration is
1. in the +x direction.
2. in the –x direction.
3. in the +y direction.
4. in the –y direction. 4

138. A ladybug sits at the outer edge of a merry-go-
round that is turning and is slowing down.
The vector expressing her angular velocity is
1. in the +x direction.
2. in the –x direction.
3. in the +y direction.
4. in the –y direction.
5. in the +z direction. 5

139. Linear motion with constant linear acceleration, a.
Rotational motion with constant rotational acceleration, a.

140. Black board example 11.1
A wheel starts from rest and rotates with constant angular acceleration and reaches an angular speed of 12.0 rad/s in 3.00 s.
What is the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the wheel?
Through what angle does the wheel rotate in these 3.00 s?
Through which angle does the wheel rotate between t = 2.00 s and 3.00 s?

141. Relation between linear and angular quantities
Caution: Measure angular quantities in radians
Arc length s:
Tangential speed of a point P:
Tangential acceleration of a point P:
Note, this is not the centripetal acceleration ar !!

142. Black board example 11.2
The diameters of the main rotor and the tail rotor of a helicopter are 7.60 m and 1.02 m, respectively. The respective rotational speeds are 450 rev/min and 4138 rev/min.
Calculate the speeds of the tips of both rotors.
Compare with the speed of sound, 343 m/s.
The rotors are rotating at constant angular speed. What is the centripetal acceleration and what is the angular acceleration?

143. What is the linear speed v of that point?
Black board example 11.3
HW 27
What is the angular speed w about the polar axis of a point on Earth’s surface at a latitude of 40°N
What is the linear speed v of that point?
What are w and v for a point on the equator?
Radius of earth: 6370 km

144. 2

145. 3

146. 1

147. 1 2 1 2 2

148. 4

149. Two wheels initially at rest roll the same distance
without slipping down identical inclined
planes starting from rest. Wheel B has
twice the radius but the same mass as wheel
A. All the mass is concentrated in their rims,
so that the rotational inertias are I = mR2.
Which has more translational kinetic energy
when it gets to the bottom?
1. Wheel A
2. Wheel B
3. The kinetic energies are the same.
4. need more information 3

150. Consider two people on opposite sides of a
rotating merry-go-round. One of them throws
a ball toward the other. In which frame of ref-
erence is the path of the ball straight when
viewed from above: (a) the frame of the
merry-go-round or (b) that of Earth?
1. (a) only
2. (a) and (b)—although the paths appear
to curve
3. (b) only
4. neither; because it’s thrown while in circular
motion, the ball travels along a
curved path. 3

151. You are using a wrench and trying to loosen
a rusty nut. Which of the arrangements
shown is most effective in loosening the nut?
List in order of descending efficiency the following arrangements:
1, 3, 4, 2
2, 4, 1, 3
4=2, 1, 3
4=2, 1=3
2, 1=4, 3 e

152. A force F is applied to a dumbbell for a time
interval Δt, first as in (a) and then as in (b). In
which case does the dumbbell acquire the
greater center-of-mass speed?
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. no difference
4. The answer depends on the rotational
inertia of the dumbbell. 3

153. Aforce F is applied to a dumbbell for a time
interval Δt, first as in (a) and then as in (b). In
which case does the dumbbell acquire the
greater energy?
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. no difference
4. The answer depends on the rotational
inertia of the dumbbell. 2

154. Imagine hitting a dumbbell with an object
coming in at speed v, first at the center, then
at one end. Is the center-of-mass speed of
the dumbbell the same in both cases?
1. yes
2. no 2

155. A box, with its center-of-mass off-center as indicated
by the dot, is placed on an inclined
plane. In which of the four orientations shown,
if any, does the box tip over? c

156. Consider the situation shown at left below.
A puck of mass m, moving at speed v hits an
identical puck which is fastened to a pole
using a string of length r. After the collision,
the puck attached to the string revolves
around the pole. Suppose we now lengthen
the string by a factor 2, as shown on the
right, and repeat the experiment. Compared
to the angular speed in the first situation, the
new angular speed is
1. twice as high half as much
2. the same none of the above 3

157. A figure skater stands on one spot on the ice
(assumed frictionless) and spins around with
her arms extended. When she pulls in her
arms, she reduces her rotational inertia and
her angular speed increases so that her angular
momentum is conserved. Compared to her
initial rotational kinetic energy, her rotational
kinetic energy after she has pulled in her
arms must be
1. the same.
2. larger because she’s rotating faster.
3. smaller since her rotational inertia is smaller. 2

158. Two wheels with fixed hubs, each having a
mass of 1 kg, start from rest, and forces are
applied as shown. Assume the hubs and
spokes are massless, so that the rotational inertia
is I = mR2. In order to impart identical
angular accelerations, how large must F2 be? N N
3. 1 N
4. 2 N
5. 4 N 4

159. Consider the uniformly rotating object
shown below. If the object’s angular velocity
is a vector (in other words, it points in a
certain direction in space) is there a particular
direction we should associate with the
angular velocity?
1. yes, ±x
2. yes, ±y
3. yes, ±z
4. yes, some other direction
5. no, the choice is really arbitrary 3

160. A person spins a tennis ball on a string in a
horizontal circle (so that the axis of rotation
is vertical). At the point indicated below, the
ball is given a sharp blow in the forward direction. This causes a change in angular momentum ΔL in the
1. x direction
2. y direction
3. z direction 3

161. A person spins a tennis ball on a string in a
horizontal circle (so that the axis of rotation is
vertical). At the point indicated below, the ball
is given a sharp blow vertically downward. In
which direction does the axis of rotation tilt
after the blow?
1. +x direction
2. –x direction
3. +y direction
4. –y direction
5. It stays the same (but the magnitude of
the angular momentum changes).
6. The ball starts wobbling in all directions. 1

163. A suitcase containing a spinning flywheel is
rotated about the vertical axis as shown in
(a). As it rotates, the bottom of the suitcase
moves out and up, as in (b). From this, we
can conclude that the flywheel, as seen from
the side of the suitcase as in (a), rotates
1. clockwise.
2. counterclockwise. 1

164. Chapter 10:Rotation of a rigid object about a fixed axis Part 2
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework : (due Wednesday, Oct. 14, 2009):
Problems: Chapter 11 9AE's, 3AF's, Q2, 9, 16, 26, 28
Rotational motion,
Angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration
Rotational energy
Moment of Inertia (Rotational inertia)
Torque
For every rotational quantity, there is a linear analog.

165. 1. An object is rotated about a vertical axis by 90° and then about a horizontal axis by 180°. If we start over and perform the rotations in the reverse order, the orientation of the object
___ 1. will be the same as before.
___ 2. will be different than before.
___ 3. depends on the shape of the object.
2. A disk is rotating at a constant rate about a vertical axis through its center. Point Q is twice as far from the center of the disk as point P is. The angular velocity of Q at a given time is
___ 1. twice as big as P’s.
___ 2. the same as P’s.
___ 3. half as big as P’s.
___ 4. none of the above.
3. When a disk rotates counterclockwise at a constant rate about a vertical axis through its center, the tangential acceleration of a point on the rim is
___ 1. positive.
___ 2. zero.
___ 3. negative.
___ 4. impossible to determine without more information.

166. Rotational energy
A rotating object (collection of i points with mass mi) has a rotational kinetic energy of
Where:
Rotational inertia

167. Both sticks have the same weight.
Demo:
Both sticks have the same weight.
Why is it so much more difficult to rotate the blue stick?

168. What is the rotational inertia?
Black board example 11.4 2
What is the rotational inertia? 3 1 4
Four small spheres are mounted on the corners of a frame as shown.
What is the rotational energy of the system if it is rotated about the z-axis (out of page) with an angular velocity of 5 rad/s
What is the rotational energy if the system is rotated about the y-axis?
(M = 5 kg; m = 2 kg; a = 1.5 m; b = 1 m).

169. Rotational inertia of an object depends on:
the axis about which the object is rotated.
the mass of the object.
the distance between the mass(es) and the axis of rotation.

170. Calculation of Rotational inertia for continuous extended objects
Refer to Table11-2
Note that the moments of inertia are different for different axes of rotation (even for the same object)

171. Rotational inertia for some objects
Page 278

172. Parallel axis theorem h
 Rotational inertia for a rotation about an axis that is parallel to an axis through the center of mass h
Blackboard example 11.4
What is the rotational energy of a sphere (mass m = 1 kg, radius R = 1m) that is rotating about an axis 0.5 away from the center with w = 2 rad/sec?

173. Conservation of energy (including rotational energy):
Again:
If there are no non-conservative forces: Energy is conserved.
Rotational kinetic energy must be included in energy considerations!

174. Connected cylinders. Black board example 11.5
Two masses m1 (5 kg) and m2 (10 kg) are hanging from a pulley of mass M (3 kg) and radius R (0.1 m), as shown. There is no slip between the rope and the pulleys.
What will happen when the masses are released?
Find the velocity of the masses after they have fallen a distance of 0.5 m.
What is the angular velocity of the pulley at that moment?

175. Torque f
A force F is acting at an angle f on a lever that is rotating around a pivot point. r is the distance between F and the pivot point.
This force-lever pair results in a torque t on the lever

176. Black board example 11.6
Two mechanics are trying to open a rusty screw on a ship with a big ol’ wrench. One pulls at the end of the wrench (r = 1 m) with a force F = 500 N at an angle F1 = 80 °; the other pulls at the middle of wrench with the same force and at an angle F2 = 90 °.
What is the net torque the two mechanics are applying to the screw?

177. angular acceleration a.
Torque t and
angular acceleration a.
Newton’s 2. law for rotation.
Particle of mass m rotating in a circle with radius r.
Radial force Fr to keep particle on circular path.
Tangential force Ft accelerates particle along tangent.
Torque acting on particle is proportional to angular acceleration a:

178. Work in rotational motion:
Definition of work:
Work in linear motion:
Component of force F along displacement s. Angle g between F and s.
Work in rotational motion:
Torque t and angular displacement q.

179. Work and Energy in rotational motion
Remember work-kinetic energy theorem for linear motion:
External work done on an object changes its kinetic energy
There is an equivalent work-rotational kinetic energy theorem:
External, rotational work done on an object changes its rotational kinetic energy

180. Linear motion with constant linear acceleration, a.
Rotational motion with constant rotational acceleration, a.

181. Announcements Midterm 2 on Wednesday, Oct. 21. Material: Chapters 7-11
Review on Tuesday (outside of class time)
I’ll post practice tests on Web
You are allowed a 3x5 inch cheat card with 10 equations
Go through practice exams & homework & class examples; understand concepts & demos
Time limit for test: 50 minutes

182. 1. The rotational inertia of a rigid body
___ 1. is a measure of its resistance to changes in rotational motion.
___ 2. depends on the location of the axis of rotation.
___ 3. is large if most of the body’s mass is far from the axis of rotation.
___ 4. is all of the above.
___ 5. is none of the above.
2. The angular momentum of a particle
___ 1. is independent of the specific origin of coordinates.
___ 2. is zero when its position and momentum vectors are parallel.
___ 3. is zero when its position and momentum vectors are perpendicular.
___ 4. is not covered in the reading assignment.
3. A wheel rolls without slipping along a horizontal surface. The center of the wheel has a translational speed v. The lowermost point on the wheel has a net forward velocity
___ 1. 2v.
___ 2. v.
___ 3. zero.
___ 4. need more information

183. Linear motion with constant linear acceleration, a.
Rotational motion with constant rotational acceleration, a.

184. Summary: Angular and linear quantities
Linear motion
Rotational motion
Kinetic Energy:
Kinetic Energy:
Force:
Torque:
Momentum:
Angular Momentum:
Work:
Work:

185. Rolling motion
Pure rolling:
There is no slipping
Linear speed of center of mass:

186. Rolling motion
The angular velocity of any point on the wheel is the same.
The linear speed of any point on the object changes as shown in the diagram!!
For one instant (bottom), point P has no linear speed.
For one instant (top), point P’ has a linear speed of 2·vCM

187. = + Rolling motion of a particle on a wheel
(Superposition of rolling and linear motion)
Rolling = +
Rotation
Linear

188. Superposition principle:
Rolling motion
Superposition principle:
Rolling motion = Pure translation Pure rotation
Kinetic energy
of rolling motion:

189. Chapter 11: Angular Momentum part 1
Reading assignment: Chapter
Homework : (due Monday, Oct. 17, 2005):
Problems: 30, 41, 42, 44, 48, 53
Torque
Angular momentum
Angular momentum is conserved

190. Torque and the vector product
Thus far:
Torque
Torque is the vector product between the force vector F and vector r

191. Torque and the vector product
Definition of vector product: f
- The vector product of vectors A and B is the vector C.
C is perpendicular to A and B
The magnitude of C = A·B·sinf

192. Torque and the vector productf
Use the right hand rule to figure out the direction of C.
Thumb is C (i.e. torque t, angular velocity w, angular momentum L)
Index finger is A (e.g. radius r)
Middle finger is B (e.g. force F)

193. Rules for the vector product.
Torque and the vector product f
Rules for the vector product. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. Magnitude of C = A·B·sinq is equal to area of parallelogram made by A and B
If A is parallel to B then . Thus,
If A is perpendicular to B then

194. Rules for the vector product (cont).
Torque and the vector product f
Rules for the vector product (cont). 6.

195. Black board example 12.2
A force F = (2.00i j) is applied to an object that is pivoted about a fixed axis aligned along the z-axis.
The force is applied at the point r = (4.00i j).
What is the torque exerted on the object?
What is the magnitude and direction of the torque vector t.
What is the angle between the directions of F and r?

196. Angular momentum of a particle
Definition:
L… angular momentum
r… distance from the origin
p… momentum of particle
v…velocity of particle
L is perpendicular to r and p
L has magnitude L = r·p·sinF

197. Angular momentum of a rotating rigid object
We’ll consider an object that is rotating about the z-axis.
The angular momentum of the object is given by:
Note that in this case L and w are along the z axis.
Also note the analog formula for linear momentum p = m·v

198. Black board example 12.3
A light rigid rod, 1 m in length, joins two particles – with masses 3 kg and 4 kg at its end. The system rotates in the x-y plane about a pivot through the center of the rod.
Determine the angular momentum of the system about the origin when the speed of each particle is 5.00 m/s.

199. Conservation of angular momentum
The total angular momentum of a system is constant in both magnitude and direction if the resultant external torque acting on the system is zero.
If the system undergoes an internal “rearrangement”, then
If the object is rotating about a fixed axis (say z-axis), then:

200. Conservation laws

201. Demo
A students stands still on a rotatable platform and holds a spinning wheel. The bicycle wheel is spinning in the clockwise direction when viewed from above.
He flips the wheel over.
What happens?

202. Black board example 12.4 Student on a turn table.
A student stands on a platform that is rotating with an angular speed of 7.5 rad/s, his arms outstretched and he holds a brick in each hand. The rotational inertia of the whole system is 6.0 kg·m2. The student then pulls the bricks inward thus reducing the rotational inertia to 2.0 kg·m2.
What is the new angular speed of the platform?
What is the ratio of the new kinetic energy of the system to the original kinetic energy?
What provided the added kinetic energy?

203. Summary: Angular and linear quantities
Linear motion
Rotational motion
Kinetic Energy:
Kinetic Energy:
Force:
Torque:
Momentum:
Angular Momentum:
Work:
Work: