1. Slavery
Chapter 9

2. Nat Turner Virginia, 1831 Nat Turner Slave, preacher
Believed God had chosen him to free slaves
Turner and followers killed 55 whites
100 blacks slaughtered in the effort to capture Turner
1831 (December) – Jefferson’s grandson presents plan for gradual emancipation in Virginia General Assembly (Vote – 73 to 82)

3. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Santo Domingo (Haiti)
L’Ouverture
Brilliant, self-educated
Leads successful slave revolt
60,000 dead as a result
Americans FEAR a slave revolt… and slavery gets MORE BRUTAL

4. Southern views on slavery
1 in 4 own slaves
1 of 7 slave owners possesses more than 10 slavers
Most southerners are small farmers, but rich plantation owners dominate politics
Sen. John C. Calhoun – “slavery is a positive good… the most safe and stable basis for free institutions in the world.”
Albert Gallatin Brown – “slavery is a blessing for the slave, and a blessing to the master.”
By 1850 – 30,000 fugitive slaves in the North worth about $15 million (Anthony Burns – captured in 1854 in Boston and returned to slavery

5. John Brown’s Body
Chapter 10

6. John Brown 1856 – Civil War in “Bloody” Kansas 1859 – Harper’s Ferry
In may, John Brown and others murder 5 proslavery Kansans
Believed he was acting for God
1859 – Harper’s Ferry
John and 21 followers attempt to ignite a slave revolt
Captured and executed (see pages 57 and 58)

8. Lincoln’s Problem
Chapter 11

9. Secession South Carolina – first
Mississippi – one of richest states (Millionaires of Natchez)
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas
7 quickly secede to start
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee follow after Lincoln calls for volunteers to fight

10. Preparing for WAR
Richmond (capital of South, industrial center) – exciting place with all war preparations (dreamlike… only thinking of the glory of war)
West Virginia secedes from Virginia
Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware – border, slave states that stay with Union

11. Free Slaves or Not? Abolitionists want Lincoln to free slaves
Lincoln doesn’t want to anger border states
Lincoln says… freeing slaves, losing war, and destroying Union will help NO ONE (slaves or not)

12. North Advantages More men More industry More railroads More food
23 states vs. 11 states
22 million vs. 9 million (population)
Almost 3 million soldiers to 1.5 million
More industry
More railroads
More food
LINCOLN

13. Southern Advantages Do not have to conquer anyone Skilled fighters
Can play defense
Cause? – liberty from government, maintain way of “southern life”
Skilled fighters
Used to shooting and riding, outdoors
Better military leadership

14. Fort Sumter April 1861 Lincoln wants to resupply fort
Confederates take the fort
PGT Beauregard

15. The Union Generals
Chapter 12

16. Winfield Scott First General in charge
Old, terrible shape… still sharp
Knew it would take a few years to win
Old Fuss and Feathers
Plan:
Blockade southern ports
Control Mississippi River
Send armies from east and west to squeeze Confederacy (Anaconda Plan)

17. George B. McClellan West Point graduate, age 35 Excellent organizer
Need to feed, house, equip MANY
PROBLEM – hesitant to fight

18. Lincoln tries more…
Fremont
Burnside
Halleck
Hooker
Pope
Meade
Then….

19. Ulysses S. Grant West Point Mexican War Inherited slave… ???
GOOD at FIGHTING
“Unconditional Surrender”
WINNING in WEST
Outkill and Outlast!

20. The Confederate Generals
Chapter 13

21. Southern Generals Soldiering tradition in South James Longstreet
Old Pete or Old War Horse
J.E.B. Stuart… “the eyes and ears”
One of most daring cavalry leaders
Gettysburg error ???
George Picket
Friendly, well-like
“Picket’s Charge” at Gettysburg

22. Southern Generals Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
West Point, VMI instructor
Strict, intelligent, daring, fearless
A WINNER… even when he shouldn’t
Very religious
What happened to him?

23. Southern Generals Robert E. Lee West Point
Did not want Union to dissolve
Had to fight for Virginia
Born leader… Jackson would follow him “blindfolded”
WINNER… risk taker, genius

24. President Davis’s Problems
Chapter 14

25. The Problems… Not enough food, clothing (shoes), weapons, ships
Poor railroads
Surplus of cotton in England
No need to interfere with Union blockade
English opposed slavery
Confederate states acting independently
Cannot get tax $ from them
Davis couldn’t communicate like Lincoln

26. Choosing Sides
Chapter 15

27. War splits nation and families
Clifton brothers – both die at Petersburg, fighting on opposite sides
4 of Lincoln’s brother-in-laws fight for Confederacy (3 died)
Henry Clay’s grandsons… 3 for Union and 4 for Confederacy
JEB Stuart… Chased by father-in-law
ETC.
WHY fight for the North? Why South?
North – read box on 77, South – their way

28. Did the war make a difference?
Yes…
Ended Slavery
Preserved Union
U.S. committed to democracy through constitutional amendments that promoted fairness (equal opportunity)
HOWEVER… easier to change laws than to change ideas and habits
Tyranny and persecution and bigotry are forbidden by the Constitution (un-American!)

29. The Soldiers Median age – 24 Many were 18 or 19 Johnny Clem (11)
Confederate Colonel tried to take him prisoner
He killed the Colonel and was made a sergeant
Eventually, government had to pay cash rewards for volunteers… and both sides had to draft

30. Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight…
Confederates that owned 20 or more slaves did not have to serve (some fought anyway)
Northerners could pay someone else to fight if they could afford it
Many were farmers… small-town boys… most were never far from home
Most signed up for an exciting adventure… but what did they get???

31. War is NOT fun… Long marches Disease Homesickness Bad food Hunger
Long, boring encampments
For every man that died in battle, two died of sickness

32. Weapons Sharps rifle – breech-loading, single-shot
Spencer seven-shot – best repeating rifle
Gatling – machine gun, 250 rounds per minute
MOST soldiers use muzzle loading rifle
New weapons are much better…. More accurate, shoot farther… KILL better
Fight with old-school tactics using new weapons… MANY die as a result

33. Weapons Hot air balloons… for spying
Submarine… it worked… but not well
This was the first “modern” war…
No “by-the-rules” orderly skirmish
TOTAL WAR
In the “old” days… attackers had advantage… now… defenders are winning

34. Willie and Tad The point?
Chapter 17

35. General McClellan’s Campaign
Chapter 18

36. McClellan Takes charge after Bull Run Brings order and pride… DRILLS
Organized 100,000 men
2,500 supply wagons
300 cannons
25,000 animals
600 tons of supplies used each day!

37. McClellan Wants to take Richmond (capital and industrial center)
Attack by boat – Virginia Peninsula (see map on 91)
MUD – difficult to move troops and supplies
Time for Confederates to prepare
Magruder – marching troops all over the place to trick McClellan… it works… moves slower
Seven Days Battle is tough on both sides
Union retreats eventually

38. Chancellorsville Stonewall is accidentally wounded by friendly fire
Lee says, “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm.”

39. War at Sea
Chapter 19

40. Blockade Union wants to isolate the south… only has 90 ships to do it
Confederates have no navy
By time war ends, Union has 700 ships in service
Confederates get English to build fast cruisers that can outrun blockade and attack Union merchant ships

41. Iron stronger than wood
Confederates raised the sunken Merrimack and it becomes the Virginia
Big, slow, clumsy, and STRONG
Creates FEAR in Washington… a super-ship
Monitor is built and ships meet at Hampton Roads
Neither ship can sink the other… war has changed at sea forever

42. Admiral David Farragut
Takes New Orleans with his fleet… passing two Confederate forts that did everything to stop him…
See the BOX on page 97

43. Emancipation Means Freedom
Chapter 20

44. Antietam (Sharpsburg)… 9/17/62
Why should McClellan have been able to crush Lee?
Bloodiest day of the war… 23,000 dead
What happened after the battle… or what didn’t happen?
See page 99 – Lincoln’s visit to McClellan
Clara Barton – the Angel of the Battlefield

45. Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln reads it in September of 1862
January 1, 1863, it becomes official
What is the impact of this?
Douglas – “lift the war into the dignity of a war for progress and civilization”
Lincoln signs his full name… not just A. Lincoln

46. Determined Soldiers
Chapter 21

47. Contrabands Property seized by the enemy They want to FIGHT!
54th Massachusetts
Led by Colonel Robert G. Shaw
Bayonet attack at Fort Wagner (Charleston Harbor)
Half are wounded, captured or killed
Captured white officers that led blacks would have been put to death as criminals
Blacks would be sold into slavery
180,000 black soldiers fight for the Union

48. Marching Soldiers
Chapter 22

49. Hardtack Armies CONSUME!! Total War – make enemy civilians suffer
Wood… or furniture, books, whatever else to burn
Could take your home for their use
Could take your vegetables and meat (animals from your farm)
Live on flour, coffee, bacon, “hardtack”
Total War – make enemy civilians suffer

50. War in the South Most of the fighting is in the South… VA
South is being destroyed
Peace movements in North… tired of war
Lee wants a big win in the NORTH!!!
Stopped at Antietam in September of 1862
Confident after victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (early summer of 1863)
Lee heads for Pennsylvania… George Meade and Union army head after Confederates

51. Gettysburg
Day 1 (July 1, 1863)
Fahnestock’s store… cleared out and goods shipped to Philadelphia
Confederates after some shoes?
General Buford holds off Confederates long enough to then secure the best ground… Cemetery Ridge
JEB Stuart – Confederate cavalry is off riding and NOT getting info to Lee and others

52. Gettysburg
Day 2 (July 2, 1863
Confederates are on Seminary Ridge, about 1 mile from Union troops
Confederates trying to flank the Union lines
Little Roundtop (Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain in charge of defending it… heroic effort)
Culp’s Hill

53. Gettysburg
Day 3 (July 3, 1863
Confederates fire artillery at the center of the Union lines for 2 hours, then charge at the center
Major General George Pickett leads about 15,000 troops across nearly a mile of open field to charge the Union army… get slaughtered!
Longstreet advised Lee against this, but Lee wants to win so badly (he usually did too)

54. Gettysburg
Day 3 (July 3, 1863
Winfield Scott Hancock commands Yankees that wait for the charge behind a low stone wall on Cemetery Ridge
Confederate General Lewis Armistead leads heroic effort to push into Union line with several hundred Rebels… fails

55. Gettysburg
Turning point of the war! Lee did not get big win in the North that he wanted
Confederates lose 28,000 men
Union loses 23,000 men
Thousands of horses are dead
Confederates walk home
Lincoln wants Meade to ATTACK, but he doesn’t

56. Lee the Fox
Chapter 24

57. Lee is brilliant
Sends Rebel soldier into Union camp to “inform” them that Rebels are ready to fight again, and this makes Meade hesitant to advance… Rebels get to VA
At same time as Gettysburg, Grant takes Vicksburg (Mississippi)… going against the rules to win
48 days… of bombing… eventual starvation

58. Speeches at G-Burg
Chapter 25

59. Gettysburg aftermath
Citizens busy burying dead and treating wounded (16,000)
November 19
Edward Everett
President of Harvard, senator, secretary of state, and ambassador to Britain
Speaks for 2 hours!
Lincoln
Speaks from the heart for 2 minutes (page 122)

60. More Battles – will it ever end?
Chapter 26

61. Grant Grant now in charge of Union armies
Southern strategy is to wear North out, and North wants to end this as quickly as possible
Grant leads 120,000 to Richmond…
Attacks and attacks and attacks (map 125)
Battle of the Wilderness… horrible
Grant wants to lay siege to Petersburg
Confederates “lose” them
Pontoon bridges across the James and Appomattox River… page 126

62. Sherman Marches from West
From Tennessee, through Georgia (Atlanta to Savannah), to the Carolinas
Squeezes South like an Anaconda!
Total War… Sherman’s March to the Sea… 40 mile wide path of destruction (Union soldiers take frustrations out on the South)
Victory at Atlanta gets Lincoln reelected in 1864 (against McClellan)

63. The Second Inaugural
Chapter 27

64. Lincoln’s Speech Lincoln knows that South can’t hold out much longer
His speech aims at healing wounds… bridging the gap between North and South… unifying people (page 132)

65. Closing In on the End
Chapter 28

66. Lincoln
He is TIRED
Visits Grant at City Point aboard River Queen and stays for 2 weeks
Yankees take Five Forks after a counterattack while Pickett eats shad
Confederates leave Richmond and burn it
The capital of the South now belongs to the Union… and Lincoln walks in

67. Mr. McLean’s Parlor
Chapter 29

68. Lee surrenders to Grant
Grant traps Lee and troops, and Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865
Appomattox Courthouse
This is a MUST read Chapter!!!

69. A Play at Ford’s Theatre
Chapter 30

70. April 14, 1865 Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theatre
John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln
Lincoln dies on April 15

71. After Words
Chapter 31

72. What now?
This did nothing to help the South… Lincoln wanted the nation to heal
600,000 dead
Slow process of Reconstruction begins
Positives – Amendments 13,14, and 15