1. PSY 321 Dr. Sanchez Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

2. The Self-fulfilling Prophecy as a Three-Step Process

3. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)
Teachers were told that, on the basis of an IQ test, a certain group of students was on the verge of an intellectual spurt
This group of students was randomly chosen
Test was bogus
8 months later, this group of
Students actually outperformed
others on an IQ test

4. Racial Profiling as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy

5. What is the state of intergroup bias in the U.S.?
“Not everybody’s life is what they make it. Some people’s life is what other people make it.”
- Alice Walker

6. Racism: Healthcare
Black and Latino cardiac patients less likely to receive appropriate heart medicine
Less likely to undergo coronary bypass surgery
Less likely to receive dialysis or kidney transplant
Receive lower quality basic clinical services

7. Racism: Hiring (Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2003)
Sent 5000 phantom applications to job ads in Boston & Chicago
Resumes were identical, EXCEPT:
RACE WAS VARIED by use of NAMES (Tamika vs Kristin; Tyrone vs Brad)
Results?

8. Racism: Mortgage Discrimination
White people are far more likely than Black people to be granted mortgage loans
This effect cannot be “explained away” statistically by differences

9. Sexism: Pay Inequity
In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents for every dollar a man made.
Asian women: 75 cents
White women: 70 cents
Black women: 63 cents
Native women: 57 cents
Latina women: 52 cents
These differences cannot be explained away….

10. What Is a Social Group?
Two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics:
Direct interactions with each other over a period of time.
Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes.
A shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.

11. Defining Important Terms
Stereotypes: COGNITIONS/BELIEFS
Prejudice: AFFECT/EMOTIONS
Discrimination: BEHAVIORS

12. Perceiving Groups: Three Reactions

13. A CLASS DIVIDED Social Categorization: Jane Elliot’s Class Exercise
Blue Eyes vs. Brown Eyes

14. How Stereotypes Form: In-groups vs. Out-groups
We have a strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups.
Benefits
Consequences
outgroup homogeneity effect

15. Why Are Out-groups Seen As Homogeneous?

16. Social Categorization Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm
Minimal Groups = categorizing persons on the basis of trivial info
Ps watch a coin toss that randomly assigned them to X or W
“Overestimators” vs. “Underestimators”

17. Social Categorization Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm
General Findings

18. Social Identity Theory

19. Social Identity Theory
Basic Predictions:
1) Threats to SE = need for ingroup favoritism
2) Ingroup favoritism = repairs SE

20. Stereotypes

21. absent-minded reads books drinks coffee wears glasses
Definitions
What is a stereotype?
beliefs about characteristics of group members
e.g., professor
absent-minded reads books
drinks coffee wears glasses

22. Stereotype Content Warm-Competence Women Homeless People Rich
The Elderly

23. The Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002)
Two fundamental dimensions: warmth & competence
Positive Stereotypes
Negative Stereotypes
MIXED:
Paternalistic stereotypes (high warmth/low competence)
e.g., elderly, disabled people, some gender stereotypes
Envious stereotypes (low warmth/high competence)
Asians, Jews
The 4 different combinations of warmth and competence are associated with different intergroup emotions

24. Stereotype Content Model (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 1999; 2002)
Low competence, Low warmth -> Contempt
Low competence, High warmth -> Pity
High competence, Low warmth -> Envy
High competence, High warmth -> Pride

25. How Stereotypes Survive:
Illusory Correlations
an overestimation of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
Confirmation Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Attribution & Subtyping

26. Stereotype: Black men are dangerous
Is it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)?
Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text for picture)
IVs:
Race of target
Target is holding weapon or harmless object
DVs: Pushed “shoot” or “don’t shoot” button

27. Stereotype: Black men are dangerous
Results:
Subjects mistook harmless objects for guns when held by black targets
In other words, subjects biases caused them to “confirm” their expectations

28. “White men can’t jump” Stone et al., 1997
Subjects listened to same basketball game
IV: Subjects were led to believe player was black or white
DV: How athletic was the player? How “court smart” was the player?

29. “White Men Can’t Jump”?

30. Stereotypes as (Sometimes) Automatic
Devine (1989): We become highly aware of the contents of many stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms.
Automatic
Can influence behavior even when do not consciously endorse the stereotype.

31. What Factors Can Influence Stereotype Activation?
Cognitive Factors
Cultural Factors (e.g., media and norms)
Motivation (e.g., be egalitarian, restore SE)
Personal Factors (High in Prejudice)

32. Overcoming Stereotypes
Motivation to Control Prejudice for Internal Reasons
Cognitive Resources (Energy & Control)

33. Prejudice: The emotional component
Competition-based prejudice
Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice

34. Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

35. Competition for Limited Resources
Realistic Conflict Theory
scarce resources
People feel a sense of---
feeling threatened > prejudice and discrimination

36. Realistic Conflict Theory
Example 1 (Hovland & Sears)
cotton & lynchings in South ( )
as cotton prices went down (i.e., scarce resources), number of lynchings of Black people increased
Example 2
Jewish Holocaust
As German economy worsened, Jewish people were scapegoated, resented, killed.

37. Realistic Conflict Theory
Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues)

38. Realistic Conflict Theory
Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues)
Boy Scout Camp (Eagles vs Rattlers)
Strengthened cohesiveness w/in group in first week
Enhanced competition btw groups in second week
Resources were source of conflict
How was conflict restored????

39. Types of Racism
Modern Racism: A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
Calling strikes by umpires
Establish “moral credentials”
Implicit Racism: Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

40. Implicit Attitudes Explicit Attitudes Operate at conscious level
Function in an unconscious & unintentional manner
How do we measure??
Explicit Attitudes
Operate at conscious level
Best measured by traditional, self-report measures

41. How Can Implicit Racism Be Detected and Measured?
Use reaction times to measure associations between race and positive/negative words
Fazio et al.’s (1995) bona fide pipeline measure.
see face, then respond to good/bad words
Greenwald et al.’s (1998) Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Pair faces with good/bad words

42. Facial Features and Prison Sentences

43. Development of Explicit vs. Implicit Racial Preferences

44. Sexism: Ambivalence and Double Standards in Section Two

45. Beyond Racism: Age, Weight, Sexuality, and Other Targets
Other types of discrimination

46. Being Stigmatized
Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.

47. Gay Pride and Spare Change
Individuals in a parking lot near a shopping center in southern England were approached by someone who politely asked, “Excuse me, can
you help me please, I am short of change and need 10 pence to pay my parking fee, could you check to see if you have a 10-pence piece
I could have?” Requestors wearing a T-shirt with the words “Gay Pride” on the front were significantly less likely to be offered the change
than requestors wearing a blank T-shirt. Based on Hendren & Blank, c Cengage Learning

48. Stereotype Threat
Stereotype threat is the fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others.
How can stereotype threat hamper academic achievement?

49. Stereotype Threat and Academic Performance

50. Stereotype Threat General Features Threat is situational
Domain connected
Strength varies with…
About social identity  applies to many groups

51. Not Good at Math Good at Math
Stereotypes and Multiple Identities
Not Good at Math
Good at Math

52. Remind Asian-American women of their
Multiple Identities (Shih, Pittinsky, & Ambady,1999)
Remind Asian-American women of their
Asian identity (questions about languages spoken, race, etc.)
Female identity (questions about co-ed housing)
Neither identity (questions about telephone service)
Take a math test

53. Multiple Identities (Shih, Pittinsky, & Ambady,1999)

54. Preventing Stereotype Threat (Table 5.6)
Test as Nondiagnostic
Informing that Group does not perform worse
Think of intelligence as malleable v. fixed

55. Interracial Interactions- Why do all the White and Black kids sit together?*
Whites
Concern with being perceived as prejudiced
White Ps high in implicit racism tend to experience cognitive depletion in interracial interactions
Concerns and tensions influence interracial interactions and interest
Blacks
Concern with being treated negatively because of prejudice and being perceived stereotypically (Mendoza-Denton et al., 2002; Shelton, 2003)
Concerns influence social judgments about and during interracial contact
12:40pm yes or after, no!
Or we have 15 min left (Need 35 min left- 12:45pm

56. Interpersonal Concerns with Prejudice
Whites and Blacks
Harbor fear of rejection because of their group memberships
Fear that out-group members will perceive them in a way that threatens their identity (Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2003)

57. Pluralistic Ignorance
People observe others behaving similarly to themselves but believe that the same behaviors reflect different feelings and beliefs (Miller & McFarland, 1987, 1991)

58. Other person’s behavior
Pluralistic Ignorance
Own behavior
Reflect fears of social exclusion
Other person’s behavior
Taken at face value
Reflects the person’s true feelings

59. Divergent Attributions
You enter the dining hall for dinner. You are alone because your close friends are in a review session. As you look around the dining hall for a place to sit, you notice several White (Black) students who live near you sitting together. These students also notice you. However, neither of you explicitly makes a move to sit together.

60. Fear of Rejection Divergent Attributions Lack of Interest
How likely is that fear of being rejected because of your race would inhibit you from sitting with these students?
Lack of Interest
How likely is that your lack of interest in getting to know these students would inhibit you from sitting with them?
Answered for self and other (counterbalanced)
7-point scale where 1 = not at all and 7 = very much

61. Black Participants Responses for Self and Other in Interracial Contact
Black participants with a White partner – so the interracial interactions
Blacks indicate that Fear of rejection is a better explanation for their inaction compared to the out-group.
But lack of interest is a better explanation for the out-group’s inaction compared to my inaction.
In addition, fear of rejection is a better explanation than lack of interest for the self.
However, lack of interest is a better explanation than fear of rejection for the other person.

62. Same for White Participants Judgments
If you look at Whites, you see a very similar pattern.
In the interracial interaction….
Fear of rejection is a better explanation for my inaction compared to the out-group.
But lack of interest is a better explanation for the out-group’s inaction compared to my inaction.

63. Black Participants with Black Partner
But if you look at the intraracial interaction for blacks you see that the pattern doesn’t exist.
Here you simply see a main effect for type of attribution.

64. White Participants with White Partner
For the intraracial interactions for Whites, you see the main effect for type of attribution again.
Whites are more likely to indicate that lack of interest explains their own and their White partner’s inaction.

65. Blacks and Whites Divergent Attributions
Make divergent attributions for own and out-group members’ avoidance of interracial contact
Interpersonal Concerns with Prejudice
I’m afraid of being rejected!
They lack interest in interacting!
Misunderstanding occurs even before the interaction

66. Repeated Intergroup Contact that involves
What Can We Do?
Repeated Intergroup Contact that involves
Individuation
Common In-Group Identity (reduce us v. them)

67. Self-Esteem in U.S. Minority Groups
From J. M. Twenge and J. Crocker, “Race and Self-Esteem: Meta-Analysis Comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 128, 2002, pp

68. Coping with Stigma
Stigma = having an attribute that is viewed as inferior, deficient, etc.
1) attributing negative feedback to prejudice
(2) comparing outcomes with those of their ingroup
(3)