1. Andrew F. Ian N. Holton H. Grace K.
Unit 1
Andrew F. Ian N. Holton H. Grace K.

2. The Work Andrew – Questions 1-8 of the study guide Ian – 9-15
Holton – 16-22
Grace – 23-29

3. Computer History The very first computers were humans
We invented better computers because humans make mistakes
The products of this advancement were the first, mechanical computers; used gears, beads, wheels, drive shafts, and other moving parts for calculations

4. The ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator
This was generally regarded as the very 1st Electronic Computer.
Had to be programmed using jumper cables and switches

5. The Generations
Gen.1- used vacuum tubes, were massive, expensive and unreliable.
Gen.2- The first transistors were made, replacing the vacuum tubes, which made computers smaller and more reliable.
Gen.3- Integrated circuits became a thing, making computers even smaller, faster, and for the first time, cheaper.

6. Generation 4 The modern era of technology
Computers now have Monolithic integrated circuits and microprocessors.
The computer has become affordable enough to be very common and efficient in day to day use.
Now, people actually have PC’s in their homes for casual use.

7. Innovations
The Altair 8800 was considered the first PC, although assembly was required.
Steve Jobbs created the Apple I which was the first PC to have a single circuit board.
Microsoft started up when they were hired to write software for IBM’s new PC.
The transistor was the main key to most of our modern technology.

8. What is a computer and what does it do?
A computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data mostly in binary form in the instructions given to it in a variable program.
A computer can do allot of things like playing games, composing and hearing music, and communicating.

9. What is good and bad about computers?
Some good things about computers are that there easy communication, providing different information, source of entertainment, finding latest news and buying products online.
Some bad things include are addiction to social media, criminal activities and hackers who can destroy your computer system.

10. How does it know what to do?
Computers know what to do using Binary Data

11. What are four parts of the Information Processing Cycle?
Input
Processing
Storage
Output

12. What is the difference between data and information?
Data is arranged into numbers, blocks and charts and information is data that has been fully processed.

13. List and describe the input, processing/memory, output, and storage devices.
Input- Keyboard
Processing/memory- RAM
Output- Printer
Storage- Hard Drive

14. What is the difference between hardware and software?
Hardware is physical components that run with the computer. The mouse and keyboard are hardware.
Software is the internal applications installed on your computer like Microsoft and Firefox.

15. Types of software
There are two types of software, system and application.
System software is used for controlling and running the computer.
Application software is used for tools that are programed into the computer.

16. System software
One of the most important examples of system software is operating systems.
Every computer runs on an operating system.
Some of the most well known are Mac OS x, Windows XP, and Windows 8.

17. Categories of computers
Pc-performs all of the processing cycle by itself and can have any operating system.
Mobile devices- smaller laptops, don’t complete the processing cycle by itself and need peripherals to do so.
Consoles- devices that are used for running gaming software and have very large processors and graphics cards.
Servers- the heart of the network, controls access to the hardware and software, it also provides centralized storage.
Mainframes- very large and powerful, can support thousand of connected users and can store massive amounts of data, used by large companies.
Supercomputers- fastest, most powerful, most expensive, used for extremely complex applications.
Embedded- special purpose, usually component in large product like electronics, cars, etc.

18. The Internet The internet is used for many things. Examples:
Communication
Information source
E-commerce
Education
Games
Information sharing

19. World Wide Web The world wide web is the data of the internet.
The WWW is used to access data from the internet.
The linked files that can be accessed by the internet are what people refer to when they talk about the WWW.
The WWW is what links webpages together on the internet.

20. Nerds James Gosling- invented java programming in 1994.
David Rilo and Jerry Young- created yahoo.
Steve Jobs- created Apple Co. in 1976.
Mark Zuckerberg- co-creator of Facebook, worth 13 billion.
Tim Berners-Lee- invented world wide web in 1989, currently director of W30.
Janet Emerson Bashen- first African American to patent a software invention.
Larry Page and Sergey Brin- founded google.
Bill Gates- founded Microsoft in 1975.

21. Nerds cont.
Ada Lovelace- known for her writings about Charles Babbage analytical machine.
Marc Anderssen- invented NESA mosiac browser in , first graphical user-friendly browser.
Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim- founded YouTube, sold to google.
Grace Hopper- founded first computer bug.
Gordon Moore- founded Moore’s law.

22. What does Moore’s Law state?
Moore's law is based on a prediction that the density of transistors on a microchip would double every year.
Also the microchip would become smaller.

23. Virtually all of the items we discussed/viewed dealt with how humans interact with computers.
All technology today is based on human interaction.

24. The biggest challenge faced by many emerging technologies is linking to the human Brain.
This is the main problem in achieving full human interaction with technology.
Prosthetic arms, legs, eyes

25. What is ethics and how does it apply to computers?
Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual.
Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers.
Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how computers affect society.

26. How does ethical behavior compare with legal/illegal behavior?
Ethical behavior is what the society deems right or wrong.
Illegal behavior is what society has made laws.
Even some ethical values have become laws.

27. What is a copyright? What is plagiarism?
Copyright infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder and may carry legal consequences. Copyright infringement can take many forms.
Examples of copyright infringement may include borrowing significant portions of another's work in the creation of a new work, making and distributing unauthorized copies of a sound recording or video, without permission from the copyright holder.
Plagiarism involves using another's work without attribution, as if it were one's own original work.
It is considered an ethical offense and can be harmful to the person’s academic reputation and integrity.

28. Business Communication, Information, and Careers
Bre Steele
Sam Wages
Ashlie Araiza
Austin

29. Microsoft Word Change Page Orientation Set line and Paragraph Spacing
Click on the Page Layout tab
Click on Orientation drop arrow in the Page Setup section of the toolbar and choose orientation
Set line and Paragraph Spacing
Click on the home tab
In the Paragraph section of the tool bar
Click on the line paragraph spacing icon on the far right that has arrows going up and down next to lines

30. Microsoft Word continued . . .
Change Font Characteristics
In the Home tab, in the font section, everything that has to do with font can be changed
Turn on Bullets and Numbering
In the Paragraph section of the Home tab in the top left there are icons with bullets and numbers
Turn bullets/numbers on by clicking on them

31. Microsoft Word continued . . .
Apply Borders
To insert a border around a paragraph, highlight the text (or just click in empty space if there is no paragraph) and click on the Page Layout Tab
Click on the Page Borders icon in the Page Background section
A box will appear. Click on the Borders tab in the top left.
Select the setting you want on the left and hit ok
Apply Page Border
Click on Page Layout tab and in the page background section select the page borders icon

32. Microsoft Word continued . . .
Insert Image
Copy and Paste into the document or insert from a file by clicking on the insert tab and then picture in the tool bar.
To resize, click on the picture and drag any green circle on the edges or middle.
To change how the picture interacts with text, click on the picture and go to the pink format tab. Select the wrap text dropdown box.
Tight makes the text flow around the picture while square
In line makes picture fall in line with the text
Behind text brings the text in front of the image
In front of text brings the picture in front of the text.

33. Microsoft Word continued . . .
Insert a Table
Click on the Insert tab
In the table section, hit the icon for table and choose how big your table should be
Format Text into Columns
Type text
Highlight text and click on the Page Layout tab
Click on the Columns icon in the Page Setup section
Choose how many columns you want your text in
To add a line, choose the More Columns section in the Columns drop down menu. A window will pop up.
Select the Line Between box

34. Microsoft Word continued . . .
Insert Shapes
Click on the insert tab
Click on shapes and choose shapes in the illustration section of the toolbar and draw into the document
You can change the size of the shape by dragging the blue corners
Insert Text box
Click on the textbox in the text section of the toolbar
Click on the textbox you want
You can change how the textbox looks by clicking on it and then clicking into the orange format tab

35. Microsoft Word - Margins
Margins are the white space between the text and the edge of the paper
They can be adjusted by clicking on the Page Layout tab and then clicking the Margins icon in the page setup section of the toolbar

36. Microsoft Word – Grouping and Order
If you have arranged objects together and you do not want them to move, you can group them.
Group them by
Hold down Ctrl and clicking on the shapes or objects
Right click and hover over the Grouping option
Click on Group
Now the objects will be treated as one object
To change the order of two objects or more, click on the object and then on the Format tab
Now you can bring the object forward or behind another or all objects in the Arrange section of the toolbar

37. Microsoft Word – Adjust and Resize
When you have an image, shape, or clipart, you can resize the image by the blue circles in the corners of the object.
You can turn the object by the green circle
Shapes can be further manipulated by the yellow diamonds

38. Microsoft Word - Workspace
Tabs
Summary of what you can do
Insert – Pictures, textboxes, shapes, tables, word art
Page Layout – Page Orientation, Margins, Spacing
Toolbar
Gives more specific details than the tabs of what you can do to manipulated the document, shapes, etc.
Status Bar
At the bottom of the Word window
Tells the number of pages and words
Adjust the zoom
Adjust the way you see the document

39. Microsoft PowerPoint Adding a new slide of any layout
Click on the home tab
Then under the slide section press new slide
Viewing the slideshow
Click into the slideshow tab
Then press the start for beginning option

40. Continued Applying a design theme Applying a slide transition
Click to enter the design tab
find a theme you like then apply it
Applying a slide transition
Click to enter the transition tab
Then apply the one you like

41. Continued Inserting a picture Resize/repositioning a picture
Use either clip art or the internet
once you find one right click it an choose copy
Go back to PowerPoint and right click
Choose paste
Resize/repositioning a picture
Click on the picture in the PowerPoint
The use the arrow in the corner
to rotate and enlarge/shrink the picture

42. Continued Applying a custom animation to an object
Have a picture or text highlighted
Then search for the animation you like
Have it applied to the text/picture
Changing the options for an animation
Can chose when the animation starts
By using the timing tab under animations

43. Continued Inserting a hyperlink Highlight a url then copy it
Then paste it into PowerPoint/word
Right click and enter it as a
hyperlink then save it under a file

44. Continued Using the slide panel
Copy/pasting a slide - Right clicking on any
slide then just pasting it in the panel to create a copy
Moving a slide - Left click an hold
an then drag the slide to where it needs to be
deleting slides - right clicking on the slide
then click on cut

45. The Different Types of PPT Animations
The different types of animations are entrance, emphasis, exit, and motion paths which is when you design the path your picture or text move.

46. PPT Design Themes and Slide Transitions
The design themes are what makeup the background of the slide in which your working on.
A slide transition is the added effect as to how the slide appears on the screen.

47. Evaluating Web Pages Author Url/Web address Timeliness Verifiability
You

48. Author • Legitimate sources usually show one or both
• May have the ‘back up’ or go to the home page to find it
• Is author /publisher biased/impartial, objective or subjective?
Depends on:
Reasons for the page
Group/organization affiliations
other factors
May be other ‘contributors’
-can anyone update it?

49. Url/Web Address
• Anybody can buy .com, .net, .org, others • 2-letter abbreviations MAY show control by a counter – but not always • Check the ‘root’ of the URL • Legitimate sites don’t hide things

50. Timeliness
• Some pages are not up-to-date • Look for a date somewhere – last update date copyright, ect. • If you don’t see a date information may be useless • Also if link don’t work the probably don’t update their site very often

51. Verifiability
• Use other sources to determine page’s credibility -google it -check watchdogs sites like snopes.com -try the other links: about footnotes etc.

52. You
• Consider your reason for using the web page when judging a sites reliability -official reasons or informal purposes -using it or just reading it -what will you do with the information once you’ve read it • Your credibility and reputation may be at risk

53. Iva’s Used to enhance the online service
Computers can be used to answered FQA’s

54. Computer Careers v. Other Jobs
Computer jobs are becoming increasingly popular and harder to get. As we become a technology ran world there will be more of a need for Computer careers.

55. Resume -An outline of your skills, education, and experiences
-Summary of your academic and work history
A resume contains:
Your contact info
Your education
Your work experience and military service
Organizations you belong to
Skills you have
Your hobbies and activities

56. Resume: Why You Should Have One and Why It Should Be Good
Creating a resume is absolutely the most important thing to do. In order to get a job a resume is required.
Good resumes are the best, why because you could have a better chance of getting the job.
Good resumes make you look like a professional

57. Basic Process For Creating a Resume
Gathering your information is the very first step
Organize and ‘cull’ information
Create the resume
Proofread and spellcheck
Print
following these steps will help you and your resume be good

58. Recommendations For a Good Resume
Length- should be at least 1 or 2 pages long
Paper- should be plain or light colors, slighty heavier than normal
Font- should always be standard, plain, 10-12pt.
Priority- important items first
Truth- embellish, don’t lie
Space- white spaces is good
Format- it’s up to you in the end
Accuracy- you’d better be 100% accurate in spelling, grammar, and things you claim
Brevity- use bullet points not full sentences and/ or paragraphs
Abbrev- don’t use unless they're VERY common and widespread

59. Formatting Education and Experience On a Resume
List in reverse chronological order
Include graduation dates, even future/ planned ones
Include GPA only if it is good
Begin with action verbs when describing things you did
Avoid first person ( I, me, etc.)
Be specific when possible
List in reverse chronological order including start/ end month and year

60. Specific Formatting Recommendations For a Resume
Whatever format you choose, use same formatting in each section
Use consistent vertical spacing ( blank lines between sections, etc.)
Use consistent alignment ( bullets, indention, etc.)
Be generous with empty space when you can

61. Unit 4: Stds. 1,5,6: Network and Internet
Ashlee Stegall, Alex Parker, Cory Mott, Ricardo Martinez, Jacobi Hunt

62. Networking What is a network?
- A system of computer and peripherals that are linked together.
Why use one?
- The purpose is usually to share files, resources, and peripherals.

63. Advantages and Disadvantages
- They enable people to work together, increase productivity, provide access to a wide range of services and specialized peripheral devices.
Disadvantages:
- Unavailable resources when network malfunctions, more vulnerable to unauthorized than stand-alone computers, more susceptible to malware than stand alone computers

64. Parts of a Network
Clients: computers that request or order information from a server.
Servers: computers that work behind the scenes to provide (serve) the resources requested by the clients.
Shared Peripherals: devices connected to the network, such as printers, scanners, etc.
Media: Physical pieces used to transport data on the network, such as wiring, hubs, etc.
Data: packets

65. LAN vs. WAN
What is a LAN?:
- Local Area Network: smaller and occupies a single location, like a home, school, or office building.
What is a WAN?
- Wide Area Network: covers a larger area like a city, country, or multiple countries like the internet.
Distinguishing LAN and WAN is difficulty today because almost everything is connected.

66. Wired Network A wired network uses cables to connect the device
May use Ethernet (cat5), fiber optic, phone, and/or TV cabling.

67. Wireless Network
Data is transmitted from one device to another using radio waves.
Advantage: Devices are more mobile.
Disadvantage: Usually slower and have more security issues.

68. Star Topology
Star Topology: Nodes are connected to a central point (router, hub, or switch). Often used in home networks.

69. Ring Topology
Ring Topology: Nodes are connected in a continuous loop, and messages are passed around the loop in the same direction. Found mostly in office building or school campuses.

70. Bus Topology
Bus Topology: A common bus line (a single cable) connects all devices, and all devices goes through the bus line.

71. Mesh Topology
Mesh Topology: Each node is connected to all other nodes.

72. 4 Considerations Money Impact of failures Future growth
Required flexibility

73. Main topology
The main topology used is star. Some advantages are that is it the least expensive, easy to add nodes, and node failures don’t affect the entire network.
The only main disadvantage is that if the device at the center fails, then the entire network also fails.

74. Communications Protocols
General Transmission Process
Divide messages into (packets)
Affix (addresses) to packets
Initiate (transmission)
(regulate) flow of data

75. (TCP/IP) (Transmission control protocol/internet protocol)
Developed by (initially) to connect ( different networks) together.
Uses (IP) to identify the devices on the networks.

76. Internet Protocols (HTTP) (hypertext transfer protocol)
How messages are (formatted) and (transmitted)
Protocol used by the (www)

77. Internet Protocols
(HTTPS) (hypertext transfer protocol over secure socket layer)
Widely used on the World Wide Web for (security) communication such as payment transactions and corporate logons
Ensures (reasonable) protection from eavesdroppers and (virus) attacks

78. Internet Protocols (FTP) (file transfer)
Protocol for exchanging and manipulating (files) over any TCP-based computer network
A FTP client may connect to a FTP server to manipulate files on that (server)

79. Network Protocol
Usually sends and receives messages in the form of (packets)
Devices to identify and make (connections) with each other
(formatting rules) that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received
Message (acknowledgement )
Data (compression)

80. Ethernet Most (widely) protocol Uses (collision ) transmission method
Each node (listens) to the network
If clear, the node will (transmit)
If another node is transmitting, it will (wait) and try again when the line is clear.
A (data) can occur if two transmit at the same time. If so, each node waits a random amount of time before attempting to (retransmit)

81. Encryption
Transforms or (scramble)’ a message, data file, , etc., from plain, readable text to encrypted characters
Protects transmitted data from (unauthorized) access

82. Basic Home Networks Basic Home Network Structure
ISP – Internet Service Provider
Modem
Router
Wireless Printer
Mobile Device
Computer 1

83. Types of Connections Two Types of Internet Connections:
DSL
Broadband
Who are the main providers of DSL?
Who are the main providers of Broadband?

84. The Router Every home network has something called a router.
Basically forwards data from the internet to the network
Or forwards data from the network to the internet
Similar to a network switch
Two types:
Wireless Router
Wired Router

85. Setting up the Network Have internet connection from ISP
Plug cable from ISP into Modem
Plug Ethernet cable from Modem into “WAN” port on Router
Connect devices via preferred method

86. DHCP Stands for Dynamic Host Control Protocol
Gives out IP addresses to home networks
Can change from day to day or even when you power off the device

87. Configuring the Router
Configuring the router can be easy or difficult
If router can with a disk, the disk will take you through the steps of setting up the network
If not, steps are a little more complicated
You have to use the software built into the Router going through your internet browser

88. How do you test to see if you configured your router correctly?
Simply open your web browser, see if your homepage comes up.

89. What are the 2 reasons that organizations use a proxy on their network?
To lessen the load on the network
For security of the network.

90. What is a firewall? Where is it normally located?
A security network placed between two networks.

91. What two things does a firewall help ‘balance’?
Need for protection and desire to be on the internet

92. What are spyware and adware? Who uses them and why? Are they legal?
Advertising companies use them to make money
they are completely legal.

93. How might spyware/adware get on your computer? Where do they ‘hide’?
They hide as cookies and temporary internet files.

94. What can you do to prevent getting unwanted software like spyware/adware?
Do not download unnecessary software
avoid clicking pop ups and especially that mention “free stuff”

95. What is data packet. How big is a typical packet
What is data packet? How big is a typical packet? What else might it be called
A chunk of an electronic file being transmitted over a network.
1-1.5 kilobytes
Frame, cell, block, segment.

96. Why are data packets used?
Load balance- all packets don’t have to follow the same path.
Problem avoidance-packets can be routed if the network has problems.

97. What is a packet header? What does it contain?
Contains info about the packet
Size of packet
Packet number
Destination address
Originating address

98. What is the purpose of the cyclic redundancy check
What is the purpose of the cyclic redundancy check? In general, how does it work?
To make sure the data is correct.
Sender uses algorithm to derive a single numeric value from data.
If receiver gets the same number the data is good.

99. What is a packet trailer? What is its purpose? What might it contain?
Marks the end of a packet.
Error checking.

100. Team Members Ashlee Stegall – Slides 1through 13
Ricardo Martinez – Slides 14 through 21
Alex Parker – Slides 22 through 31
Corey Mott – Slides 32 through 39
Jacobi Hunt - None

101. Unit 6 – Stds 1,4,7,9: Problem Solving & Programming
Nelly Bobo
Candie Bass
Ansley Williams
Devine Wilder
Assigned Thursday 5/8/14
3rd Pd. Intro to Digital Technology
Mr. Cole

102. 144. What is an algorithm? Why are they important in a computer class?
An algorithm is a precise rule or set of rules specifying how to solve some problem .
Why are they important in a computer class?
One of the key foundations of computer science is the study of algorithms.
Computers need clear, step-by-step instructions to tell them how to tell them how to do things.
Three examples of algorithms are: recipes, income taxes, and driving directions.

103. 145. List and describe the three parts of an algorithm.
1) input specification: which is what’s going into or needed by the process .
Some examples of input specifications are:
recipes (ingredients, cooking utensils)
tax code (wages, interest, tax withheld)
Driving (car, gas, license)
Input specification for computational algorithms:
Data- how much? what type?
User actions- clicks, touches, keystrokes
Files coming in
Other data feeds

104. 3) output specification: which is what’s coming out of the process.
2) list of specific steps to be performed: which is what has to be done.
Steps should be step-by-step, very specific but you can assume that the executor understands certain basic operations.
3) output specification: which is what’s coming out of the process.
Some examples of output specifications are:
recipes (number of servings, how to serve)
Tax code (tax due or tax refund, where to pay)

105. 146. Describe the characteristics of a GOOD algorithm.
A good algorithm should:
produce the correct outputs for any set of legal inputs.
execute efficiently with the fewest number of steps as possible
be designed in such a way that others will be able to understand it and modify it to specify solutions to additional problems

106. 147. List the steps in the problem solving process
147. List the steps in the problem solving process. What are they similar to?
Problem solving phases:
Planning and analysis
Design
Construction and implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
These are similar to parts of the software development process.

107. Planning and analysis phase- Determine what you need to do.
148. What is the ‘goal’ of the Planning/Analysis phase? What do you analyze, and what techniques and tools do you use?
Planning and analysis phase- Determine what you need to do.
Things to analyze:
Comparisons against objectives, the past, or other similar things
Checklists
Directives, orders, needs/wants
Comments, complaints

108. Techniques and tools to use Group discussion
Talk to others
Build a consensus
Diagrams
Visual representation of situation
Can show cause/effect, reasons
Especially useful when trying to find the cause of a problem
Example- tree diagram
main trunk or root is the symptom
branches are formed by asking “why?”

109. At the phase’s end, you should have: Requirements Problem statement
149. Describe the two possible outputs of Planning/Analysis? What is this called in Software Development?
At the phase’s end, you should have:
Requirements
Describes specifically what needs to be done.
Problem statement
Brief, clear, to the point identification of the specific problem (root cause) to be addressed, fixed, or solved, including the key rationale for why it should be solved.
In software development this is called a requirements document.

110. 150. What is the goal of the Design phase?
Determine how you’re going to do what the requirements/problem statement says to do.
The end result will be the plan for how to do, what you need, to do the algorithm.

111. Come up with alternative solutions
151. How might you come up with a lot of possible solutions? What criteria do you use to evaluate these and choose one?
Steps:
Come up with alternative solutions
Brainstorming
Analyze past solutions
What-if analysis
Make sure these actually fulfill the requirements and/or problem statement, they shouldn’t just be solutions to a symptom.

112. Choose a solution Will it solve the problem?
Is it practical, realistic?
Will those involved buy into it?
Are the resources available?
Is it consistent with individual and/or company morals, ethics, beliefs, direction?

113. 152. Describe the final output of Design phase
152. Describe the final output of Design phase. What is this called in Software Development?
Develop the detailed action plan
This is essentially an algorithm.
It should contain the tasks to be done, resources needed, and schedule.
In software development this is called a detailed design document.

114. 153. What do you do in the Construction/Implementation phase?
Complete the task listed in the action plan
In software development, these are separate phases when you actually build, test, and install your programs, web pages

115. 154. What do you do in the Monitoring/Evaluation phase
154. What do you do in the Monitoring/Evaluation phase? What might happen if your solution fails?
Analyze the result of the solution and see if it meets what was required.
If not, you most likely need to start over or at least go back to the design phase.

116. 155. Why use visual development tools?
Visual development tools are the ‘bridge’ between algorithms and computer programs
They help organize your algorithm into a more ‘computer-ready’ form

117. Flowcharts use shapes to represent different types of actions
156. What is a flowchart? What do the rectangle, diamond, round-end rectangle, and arrow lines mean?
Flowcharts is a graphical linear representations of a process or algorithm
Flowcharts use shapes to represent different types of actions
Inputs
Processing
Decisions
Outputs
Rectangles show a task or process
Diamonds show a decision or choice
Round-end rectangles are terminators for the start and end.
Arrows are used to show the processing flow from one step to another.

118. Pseudo code use words and phrasing that are similar to programming
157. What is pseudocode? What are the rules for pseudocode? List and describe the keywords it uses.
Pseudo code use words and phrasing that are similar to programming
Short, quick phases to describe tasks
Sort of halfway between English and a program language
Uses certain keywords for common actions
Ex:
READ name, hoursWORKED, pay RATE
GrossPAY=HOURSworked*payRATE
WRITEname, grossPAY

119. Rules for Pseudocode Write only one statement/task per line
Capitalize all letters in keywords
Indent and multi-line structures (like Ifs and WHILEs)

120. List and describe the keywords it uses. READ- pull data in
READ name, payRATE- Pulls in name and rate of pay
WRITE- pushes data out
WRITE name, netPAY- puts name and net pay on output device, such as a printer
IF/THEN/ELSE/ENDIF- conditionally do tasks
WHILE/ENDWHILE- does tasks as long as a condition is true
WHILE ……………
……………
ENDWHILE

121. 158. What is a storyboard? What are they usually?
Shows interaction between user and application
Usually simple sketches of what the user sees (screen, webpage, etc.)
Often doesn’t have a lot of detail
Can illustrate the user experience better than other tools

122. 159. How do flowcharts, pseudocode, and storyboards compare (advantages/disadvantages)?
Comparison
Flowcharts
The first widely-used tool
Linear, sequential, very visual
Pseudocode
Newer, text-based, more English-like
Not easy to follow, less visual
Storyboards
shows user interaction better
doesn’t show a lot of detail

123. Which is better?
Depends on many things
Personal preferences
Expectation of others
Nature of task/process
You can use more than one.

124. 160. What is a computer program?
A list of instructions for the computer to follow
Must be specific
Must conform to the programming language vocabulary, rules, etc.
Must be correct in both syntax (are the rules, punctuation) and semantics (the sensibility of it; it has to make sense)

125. 161. What are the characteristics of a computer programming language?
The only language a computer understands is machine code- essentially binary codes
This is extremely difficult for humans to read and use
Humans need something easier to use, so human readable programming languages were developed
A programming language is a vocabulary and a set of rules for telling a computer how to perform certain tasks
It includes unique keywords that the language understands
It requires a certain syntax- format, order, punctuation, and spelling
Must be converted to a machine code by compiling or interpreting

126. The only language a computer understands is ‘machine codes’
162. What’s the difference between ‘machine code’ and ‘human readable’ programming languages? What has to happen to ‘human readable’ code before the computer can use it?
The only language a computer understands is ‘machine codes’
Humans need something easier to use so ‘human readable’ programming languages were developed
Must be converted to machine code by compiling or interpreting
Compiling – converting it all at once before anything is executed
Runs faster
Harder to find and fix
Interpreting – converting each line just before its executed
Runs slower
Easier to debug

127. 163. What’s the difference between a numeric and a string data type?
There are 2 main data types- numbers and strings
Computers and languages store and use numeric data and character data differently
Numeric data is stored as a number or numeric symbols
Character data is stored as a string
Different languages may label and store these a little differently, but the concepts are similar

128. Number
Contains only numbers and other numeric symbols (such as a decimal point or sign)
Programs can do math with them
May have sub-types such as integer, long smallint, decimal, packed decimal, etc.
Each may be stored and processed differently or allow only certain types of numbers
Strings
They can contain any character- letters, numbers, symbols
Programs can’t do math with them, but can manipulate them
Split them, combine them, append to each other
They are usually enclosed in double quotes to tell the computer that they’re characters, not numbers

129. 164. What is a variable? How do you use one?
A computer has a memory and can remember stuff. To get a computer to remember stuff, you use variables.
A variable is a name you specify for a location in the computer’s memory where it can store a piece of information. It’s an area of memory given an unique name
It is used by programs to hold data
Many languages are picky about what you can name a variable – no spaces or special characters, can’t start with a number, etc.
In many languages, data is put into them in a variable assignment using an = sign

130. Varname= the value to be put into it
Others may use a kind of ‘set’ stmt
Set the varname to value to be put into it
When assigning values the = sign does not mean equals- it means assign or put into
The value can be a number, string, or calculation that may include variables, such as:
Counter= counter+1
Set incr to 3
Set counter up by incr

131. 165. What is the definition of ‘bug’ in computer programming?
Little mistakes or problems in the code are called bugs.

132. 166. What is object-oriented programming
166. What is object-oriented programming? What are the objects in Scratch called?
Object-oriented
Uses objects that have functions associated with them
Also has some procedural parts
Found in newer languages like Java
Scratch projects are made up of objects called sprites.

133. 167. In programming, what is a ‘loop’
167. In programming, what is a ‘loop’? What blocks create loops in Scratch?
In a program, running a set of commands multiple times is called a loop.
Some of the control blocks can do just that. In the Control category there are ‘forever’ and ‘repeat 10’ blocks.
The ‘forever’ block will run the blocks inside it over and over until you click on it again to stop. This is known as an endless loop.
The ‘repeat 10’ block will run them the number of times specified in the input box.
Notice that they’re shaped kind of like a ‘C’. This allows you to put other blocks inside the ‘C’, and it will expand to hold them as you insert the blocks.
A loop is a while and ends in endwhile

134. 168. Why might you need to capture user input in a computer program
168. Why might you need to capture user input in a computer program? How did we do this with Scratch?
To be useful, programs often need to capture data that the user enters using keyboard, mouse, etc.
This allows the user to interact with the program while it’s running.
Programming languages have many ways to do this.
Scratch allows you to capture keyboard and mouse inputs using blocks in the Sensing category.

135. The ‘ask…’ block will ask the user to enter something, then it will capture it in a predefined variable.
In the input box, you enter the question to ask the user, then when the user enters something, it’s captured in a variable called ‘answer’.
You can then do things with that value.
The answer variable will contain the value until your program uses the ‘ask…’ block again.

136. 169. When do the tasks inside an ‘If’ get run
169. When do the tasks inside an ‘If’ get run? When do the tasks inside the two parts of an ‘If/Else’ get run?
IF/THEN/ELSE/ENDIF- conditionally do tasks
Sometimes a program has to make a choice and only do something if a condition is true or false. This is usually done with an ‘If’ statement.
Sometimes a program might want to do certain tasks if a condition is true, but do other tasks if the condition is false. You could do this with an ‘If/Else’ structure.
Like the plain ‘If’, you put a condition in the area at the top. In the top part of the ‘E’, you then put blocks that should run if the condition is true,.
Then in the bottom you put blocks that should run if the condition is false.

137. 170. Why might a program need to use a conditional loop instead of a loop that runs a certain number of times? What block did we use to do this in Scratch?
Programs often need to run a set of commands multiple times until a condition changes.
The program may not know ahead of time how many times it will loop. To do this, Scratch uses the ‘repeat until’ block.
It’s similar to the other repeat, except instead of a # of times, it has a condition like an if block. The blocks inside the ‘repeat until’ will run until the condition becomes true.

138. Index Nelly Bobo: 144-152 (9) Candie Bass: 153- 159 (7)
Ansley Williams: (5)
Devine Wilder: (6)
*(27/4=6.75)