1. The Age of Imperialism

2. Important Questions
How is the Age of Imperialism a logical next step after the Industrial Revolution?
What motivated European nations to colonize Africa, Asia and India?
What will be the long-term results of Imperialism on Africa, Asia and India?

3. Imperialism
What: the domination of one nation by another politically, socially, economically and culturally
Who: Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal & Spain
Where: Africa, Asia & India

4. Imperialism
Why: resources, guaranteed markets, nationalism, military concerns, racism (Social Darwinism) & the missionary impulse
How: advanced European technology like the Maxim gun, the telegraph, the railroad, the steamship, medicines like quinine, African tribalism and a lack of African unity

5. Imperialism When: 1850 until 1914
Why do you suppose that it began around 1850?
Why do you suppose that it ended in 1914?

6. Regroup What is imperialism?
Who was involved and where did it take place?
When did it take place?
How were the Europeans able to dominate so many larger countries?

7. Why Did They Do It?

8. Resources Britain is an island with necessarily limited resources
Europe too, has limited resources
What happens if factories run out of coal or iron or if they need more cotton and can’t grow it themselves?

9. Resources
European factories will need cheap raw materials to keep the revolution going
If they don’t get them or if the price is too high what could happen?
Remember: production prices must be kept low in order to move more product & make more money

10. Guaranteed Markets How many shirts or pants can you own?
How big is England’s or Europe’s population?
Who can trade with a colony?
Why do colonies exist?
Why is no competition good for the seller but bad for the buyer?

11. Nationalism European nations wanted to demonstrate their superiority.
The more weaker countries taken over the more powerful the nation appeared.
Colonies give nations prestige or “bragging rights”.

12. Social Darwinism
The belief that all human groups compete for survival, and that the stronger groups will replace the weaker groups.
Darwin’s theory of evolution = “survival of the fittest”.
It is only natural that strong nations should dominate weaker nations.
This is applied to society as a justification of imperialism.

13. Military Need for naval bases and places to refuel merchant ships.
More colonies = More power and security
More bases allow nations to use force in more different places and protect merchant ships.
Balance of Power!

14. Economic
Industrial Revolution creates need for large amounts of raw materials.
New markets for finished goods.
New places to invest profits
What happens if factories produce but no one buys?

15. Missionary Impulse
People of color seen as inherently inferior or as “God-less savages”
It was the duty of the Europeans to “save the souls” of the people in Africa, Asia & India
Sent missionaries out to bring them to the Christian God
They were doing God’s work so imperialism was OK

16. Regroup What is a “guaranteed market”?
Why do European nations HAVE to engage in imperialism?
How is Social Darwinism a justification for imperialism?
How does religion figure into the imperialistic impulse?

17. How Did They Do It?

21. Divide and Conquer Hundreds of different ethnic groups in Africa
Dozens of languages
Traditional African beliefs mixed with Islam and Christianity
Large, unmanageable empires
Low levels of technology

22. tribalism : Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes, and the cause of much war and strife in Africa.

23. Regroup
How were the Europeans able to establish their colonies in the 19th century when they previously could not?
What tactic worked well for the Europeans in creating their colonial empires?

24. Colonies for Dummies There 4 different forms of colonial control
Colony
Protectorate
Sphere of influence
Economic imperialism
There are 2 different types of management styles
Direct control
Indirect control

25. Colony A country or a region governed internally by a foreign power
French Indochina (Vietnam)

26. Protectorate
A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
The British in Nigeria

27. Sphere of Influence
An area or a region in which an outside power claims exclusive trading and investing rights but does not actually control the government
Liberia under the influence of the US

28. Economic Imperialism
Independent, but less developed, nations controlled by private business rather than by another country’s government
The control of Hawaii by the Dole Fruit Company

29. Direct Control Officials brought in from mother country to rule
No self-rule
Laws based on European laws
Official language was the European language
Goal: assimilation

30. Indirect Control Locals used to run most government functions
Limited self-rule
Laws based on European laws as well as local laws
Benefit: use fewer Europeans and give the locals a sense of ownership

31. Regroup How many different kinds of colonial holdings are there?
What are they?
How many kinds of control are there?
What are they? Who used them?
What is the advantage to indirect control?

32. Scramble for Africa
The impact of the Industrial Revolution allowed Europeans to penetrate Africa’s interior
Explorers began to map out Africa in the early 19th century & to learn more about the “Dark Continent” (why is it Dark?)
Christian missionaries followed the explorers into Africa to win souls for Christianity

33. Scramble for Africa
By early 1870s it was clear that Africa would prove to be very valuable to industrialized nations
King Leopold of Belgium sent Henry Stanley to Africa to explore the Congo River & to set up trade contacts with the Africans

34. Scramble for Africa
Leopold publicly: “Belgium will carry the light that, for millions of men still plunged in barbarism, will be the dawn of a better era.”
Leopold privately: “I want resources, markets & profits for Belgium!”
Leopold’s actions touched off the Scramble for Africa

35. Berlin Conference –
To avoid conflict with one another in Africa, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany
With little regard or representation for Africans, the European powers set about carving up Africa.

36. Berlin Conference –
Why did the Europeans absolutely not want Africans present at Berlin?

38. Berlin Conference –
The following guidelines were set at the conference
Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any territory should inform the other powers “in order to ... make good any claim of their own.”

39. Berlin Conference –
Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty.
Any such annexation should be validated by effective occupation

40. By 1900, the only areas of Africa remaining independent were Liberia and Ethiopia

42. Regroup What was the “Scramble for Africa”?
What rules does the Berlin Conference set down and why do the Europeans set them down?
Who not invited, or even wanted at the Berlin Conference? Why?

43. Zulu Resistance

44. The Boers
In the 1830s descendents of the original Dutch settlers, now called Boers, migrated into the interior of South Africa and began to engage in conflicts with the Zulu

45. The Zulu
The Zulu were a south African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as established by their  legendary leader Shaka Zulu. Under Shaka’s rule, the Zulu broadened their land claims throughout southern Africa.

46. Zulus vs. Europe
Battles with the Boer settlers continued well into the late 1800s, but never truly threatened Zulu sovereignty.
Eventually, the Zulu came into the conflict with the British army as they expanded their control over southern Africa and invaded the homeland of the Zulu

47. Zulus vs. Europe
Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops. Soon, all of southern Africa would come under British control.

48. Cecil Rhodes
Instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa.
Founded the De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world’s diamond production.
After becoming prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen British control over the region.

49. Cape to Cairo Railroad Cecil Rhodes’s master plan.
A railroad line that would link British colonial interests in Africa between Egypt and the Cape Colony in southern Africa.
Why is “linking” north & south so important?

51. Boer Reaction
The Boers provided heavy and eventually armed resistance to this proposal.
After authorizing an aggressive invasion of the Boer Republic of Transvaal which ended poorly, Rhodes was removed from office.
Sets the stage for the Boer War.

52. The Boer War
War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa
The fighting was vicious, with the Boers employing guerilla tactics and the British eventually using 450,000 troops to achieve victory.

53. The Boer War
In 1910, the various British colonies in southern Africa were united as the Union of South Africa

54. Effects of Imperialism
European nations carved Africa up with no regard for traditional tribal boundaries.
Africa still suffers from tribalism

55. tribalism : Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes, and the cause of much war and strife in modern Africa.

56. Effects of Imperialism
Modern African nations often contain several different tribes that harbor ill feelings towards one another.
inter-tribal conflict is a common in Africa often leading to civil wars and power struggles within national governments.

57. Effects of Imperialism
Colonization: the Europeans control land, resources and people in Africa, Asia & India
Colonial economics: Europeans control trade & set up dependent cash-crop economies
Christianization: spread of Christianity to Asia, Africa & India

58. Positive For Europeans

59. Positive for Africans

60. Negative for Europeans

61. Negative for Africans

62. Muslim Lands Fall Prey to Europe
Where is the Ottoman Empire located?
Anatolia
Asia Minor
Modern Turkey

65. Muslim Lands Why would other nations want to control this area?
It is the “crossroads of the world”
After 1869, the Suez Canal becomes critical
Who wants these lands?
Britain
France
Russia

67. Muslim Lands Why are these Ottoman lands “available”?
Modernization has failed in the Ottoman Empire (Suleiman III tried to reform & was overthrown in 1789)
Ottoman Empire is the ‘Sick Man of Europe”
Nationalism within the Ottoman Empire
Egypt & Greece declared independence, Serbia received self-rule

68. Muslim Lands Why do the Europeans want these lands? Geopolitics
The policy of taking land for its strategic location, available resources and/or products
This policy answers the question “Why would anyone want the Middle East since it is just a big desert?”

70. Crimean War
Russia fights Ottomans who are supported by the British and French
Russia wants access to Mediterranean Sea via Bosporus & Dardanelles
Ottomans win, but continue their slow decline

72. Muslim Lands Ottomans need to modernize more than ever
Muhammed Ali (NOT the boxer!!) sent to Egypt to modernize but turned against the Ottomans
He moved Egypt into a monoculture and had them plant only cotton– why is that bad?

73. Regroup What is the policy of geopolitics?
What makes the Ottoman Empire so valuable?
Why did the British and French work with the Ottoman’s to keep Russia out of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles?
Why is the Ottoman Empire the “Sick Man of Europe” in the late 19th century?

74. Muslim Lands
Muhammed Ali’s grandson son Isma’il was behind construction of Suez Canal
French money & Egyptian labor used to connect Med to Red
Project too expensive and Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect the “life-line of the British Empire”

76. The British in India

77. The British in India

78. The British in India

79. Musket Cartridge

80. The British in India

81. The British in India

82. The British in India

83. The British in India

84. The British in India